English words |
come from |
Proto-Indo-European ancestors |
which also developed into |
Examples of “Eastern” relatives (with some Greek
and Latin examples where appropriate) |
a (see “an”, “any”,
“one”) |
comes from |
*h₁óin-os [oinos]
|
developed into |
Albanian një |
acre
|
comes from |
*h₂eǵ-ro-s [ɐg̟ʲrós], earlier [ħɐg̟ʲrós] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit अज्र ajra
“field”, that developed into
Hindi ajira |
after (see “off”) |
comes from |
*h₂ep-tero- [æptərə]. The derived form *h₂ep-ér-
[apér] |
developed into |
Sanskrit अपर
apara |
|
|
*h₂ep-tero- [æptərə] |
developed into |
Albanian afër |
aghast (see “ghastly”, “ghost”) |
comes from |
*ǵʰois-d-o-
|
developed into |
Persian زشت zesht
“ugly” |
ale |
comes from |
*h₂el-u-t [ħɐɫʊt], earlier [ħɛlʊt]
|
borrowed (from Germanic) into |
Ossetian ӕлутон alúton (no recording available), then
borrowed into Finnish olut |
all |
comes
from |
*h₂el-nó- [ħɐln—] |
developed into |
Sanskrit
अरण्य aranya
“wilderness” |
am (see “is”) |
comes
from |
*h₁és-mi [əsmi]
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit अस्मि asmi |
an (see “a”, “any”,
“one”) |
comes from |
*h₁óin-os [oinos] |
developed into |
Albanian një |
angle |
comes from |
*h₂enk-ul-ó- [aŋk—], earlier [ħaŋk—] |
developed into
|
Iron Ossetian æнгуыр angur
“fishing hook”
|
|
|
*h₂enk- [ħaŋk]
|
also developed into |
Sanskrit अङ्क anka “hook,
bend” |
|
|
*h₂enk- [ħaŋk]
|
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἄγκος angos
“a bend” |
ankle |
comes from |
*h₂eng-ul- [aŋgʊl],
stem *h₂eng- “joint”, earlier [ħæŋg] |
developed into |
Persian انگشت angusht
“finger” |
|
|
*h₂eng- [ħæŋg] |
also developed into |
Siraiki angutha
“thumb”
|
|
|
*h₂eng-ul- [aŋgʊl]
|
also developed into |
Sanskrit अंगुली anguli
“finger” |
|
|
*h₂eng-ul- [aŋgʊl]
|
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος angulos |
answer (see “swear”) |
comes from |
*s-uór- [swor]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्वर svara
“voice, sound” |
|
|
*s-uór- [swor] |
also developed into |
Ukrainian свари́ти swariti
“argue, berate” |
any (see “a”, “an”,
“one”) |
comes from |
*óin-os [oinos], earlier *h₁oi-no-s |
developed into |
Albanian një
“a, an, one” |
apple |
comes from
|
*h₂ebol [ħɑboɫ] |
developed into |
Lithuanian obuolys
|
|
|
*h₂ebol [ħɑboɫ] |
also developed into |
South Slavic (e.g. Macedonian) jabolko,
which pronunciation further developed to
Bosnian jabuka |
arm |
comes from
|
*h₂erH-mos [armos], earlier [ħer:mos] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit ईर्म irma |
|
|
*h₂erH-mos [ħer:mos] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἁρμός harmos,
Modern Greek αρμός armos |
ash (dusty material)
(see “star”) |
comes from |
*h₂eh₂s [ħaχs], reduplicated form of *h₂es-
“burn” |
developed into |
Urdu خاکی khaki,
borrowed into English khaki |
|
|
*h₂eh₂s [ħaχs] |
also developed into |
Old Latin asa, Latin
ara
“altar” |
ash (tree) |
comes
from
|
*h₃esk- [osk]
|
developed into
|
Armenian հաճարի hachari
“beech” |
|
|
*h₃esk- [osk] |
also developed into |
Modern Greek οξιά oksia
(Ancient Greek ὀξύᾱ oksüa)
|
ask |
comes from
|
*h₂oisk- [ħoisk]. Zero-grade form *h₂isk-o [ħisko]
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit इच्छा ichaa
“desire” |
|
|
*h₂oisk- [ħoisk] |
also developed into |
Armenian այց aits
“visit, search, care for” |
bade
[bad]
|
comes
from
|
*bʰodʰ-,
a form of *bʰedʰ-, or *gʷʰedʰ- |
developed into
|
Bosnian žedan zhedan
“thirsty” |
bade
[beɪd] |
also comes from |
*bʰodʰ-
|
|
|
bairn (see “bear”) |
comes from |
*bʰor-no-,
a form of *bʰer- |
developed into |
Sanskrit भरण bharana
“bearing” |
band (see “bind”) |
comes from |
*bʰéndʰ-
|
developed into |
Persian بند band
“band” |
barrow |
comes from |
Proto-Germanic *berga-, from *bʰerǵʰ-os |
developed into |
Balochi برز ئه borza
“height” |
be
|
comes
from |
*bʰuh₂ [bʱuɐ̆],
earlier [bʱuɐ̥̆], [bʱuħ] |
developed into |
Persian بودن budan,
Balochi بو bu
|
|
|
*bʰuh₂ [bʱuɐ̆] |
also developed into |
Albanian botë
“world” |
to bear (see “bairn”) |
comes
from |
*bʰer- |
developed into |
Sanskrit भर bhar
“bearing” |
|
|
*bʰer- |
also developed into |
Persian بار bar
“burden” |
beat |
comes from
|
*bʰóud- |
developed into
|
Armenian
բութ but |
beech (see “book”) |
comes from
|
*bʰeh₂ǵ- [bʱɑ:g̟ʲ], earlier [bʱeɑ̆g̟ʲ] |
developed into
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian bazga |
|
|
*bʰeh₂ǵ- [bʱɑ:g̟ʲ] |
also developed into |
Doric Greek φᾱγός pagos |
|
|
*bʰeh₂ǵ- [bʱɑ:g̟ʲ] |
also developed into |
Latin fagus |
bellows |
comes from |
*bʰolǵʰis |
developed into |
Persian بالش balesh
“pillow, cushion” |
belly
|
also comes from |
*bʰolǵʰis |
|
|
bequeath (see “quoth”) |
comes from
|
*gʷet-. Likely related to *gʷed-, which |
developed into |
Sanskrit गदति gadati
“to speak” |
bid
|
comes from
|
*bʰeudʰ-
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit बुद्ध buddha
“awakened” |
bind (see “band”) |
comes from
|
*bʰéndʰ-
|
developed into
|
Persian بند band
“band” |
bite
|
comes from
|
*bʰéid-
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit भिद् bhid-
|
|
|
*bʰéid- |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek φείδομαι pheidomai |
black
|
comes from
|
*bʰléiǵ-
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit भ्रज bhrajati
|
bleach |
also comes from |
*bʰléiǵ-
|
|
|
bleat
|
comes from
|
*bʰleh₁- [bʱle:], [bʱleə], earlier [bʱleh] |
developed into
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian brbljati
|
|
|
*bʰleh₁- [bʱleə] |
also developed into |
Latvian blēt |
blossom
|
comes from
|
*bʰléh₃-e- [bʱlo:ə], earlier [bʱléŏə] |
developed into
|
Bengali ফুল phul |
|
|
*bʰléh₃-e- [bʱlo:ə] |
also developed into |
Latin flos |
book (see “beech”) |
comes from |
*bʰeh₂ǵ- [bʱɑ:g̟ʲ], earlier [bʱeɑ̆g̟ʲ] |
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian bazga |
to bore
|
comes from
|
*bʰr(H)-eh₂- [bʱr̩hɐ], earlier [bʱr̩heħ] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit भारती bharati
|
|
|
Related form *bʰor(H)-eh₂- [bʱorhɐ] |
developed into |
Proto-Italic *forao
(which became Latin foro) |
bottom
|
comes from
|
*bʰudʰ-mén-
|
developed into
|
Persian
بن
bun
|
bough |
comes from
|
*bʰeh₂ǵʰ-u- [bʱag̟ʲʱ-]
|
developed into
|
Persian بازو bazu
|
|
|
*bʰeh₂ǵʰ-u- [bʱag̟ʲʱ-] |
also developed into |
Aeolic Greek πᾶχῠς pakhus |
bright
|
comes from
|
*bʰerh₁ǵ- [bʱeɾɘg̟ʲ]
|
developed into
|
Persian برازیدن barozidan
“beautify”
|
|
|
*bʰerh₁ǵ- [bʱeɾɘg̟ʲ] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian brėkšta “to
dawn” |
bristle
|
comes from
|
*bʰr̥stís [bʱr̩sti̥s]
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit भृष्टि bhrshti “tip,
point, spike” |
|
|
*bʰr̥stís [bʱr̩sti̥s] |
also developed into |
Ukrainian борщ borshch
“hogweed, beetroot soup” |
brother
(Anglo-Saxon broþor)
|
comes from
|
*bʰréh₂tēr [bʱráte:r] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit भ्राता bhraata
|
|
|
*bʰréh₂tēr [bʱráte:r] |
also developed into |
Persian برادر barodar |
brow
|
comes from
|
*h₃bʰruH-s [ŏ̥bʱɾuəs]
|
developed into
|
Urdu ابرو abru
|
|
|
*h₃bʰruH-s [ŏ̥bʱɾuəs] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ὀφρῦς ophrus |
call
|
comes
from
|
*gols-
|
developed into
|
Bosnian glas |
can (see “know”) |
comes
from
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]
|
developed into
|
Urdu جاننا jaanna
|
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian žinau |
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ] |
also developed into |
Balochi زان zan |
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek γνώση gnose |
care
|
comes
from
|
*ǵh̥₂r- [g̟ɐɹ̝]
|
developed into
|
Doric
Greek γᾶρυς garus |
|
|
|
also developed into |
Ossetian зар zar “song” (no recording
available) |
carve
|
comes from
|
*gerbʰ-
|
developed into
|
Albanian gërvisht
“scratch” |
chin
|
comes
from
|
*ǵenu [g̟enu]
|
developed into
|
Persian زنخ zanakh
|
|
|
*ǵenu [g̟enu] |
also developed into |
Persian چانه chaane |
choose
|
comes from
|
*ǵéus- [g̟ju:s]
|
developed into
|
Persian دوست duust
“friend”, borrowed into Urdu
as دوست dost
|
cold (see “cool”) |
comes
from
|
*ǵól-to-,
a form of *ḱel-to- |
developed into
|
Persian سرد sard, borrowed into Urdu as سرد serd
|
come
|
comes
from
|
*gʷem-
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit गमति gamati
|
cool (see “cold”) |
comes
from
|
*ǵól-,
a form of *ḱel-to- |
developed into |
Persian سرد sard, borrowed into Urdu as سرد serd
|
corn |
comes from
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [grɐno], earlier [grħnó] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit जीर्ण jiirna
“worn out” |
|
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [grɐno] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian žirnis
“pea” |
|
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [grɐno] |
also developed into |
Latvian zirni
“peas” |
|
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [grɐno] |
also developed into |
Czech zrn
“grains” |
|
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [grɐno] |
also developed into |
Latin granum |
cow |
comes
from
|
*gʷeh₃-u-s [gwous] |
developed into
|
Dari گاو gau, Persian گاو
gov |
|
|
*gʷeh₃-u-s [gwous] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek βοῦς bous |
crane
|
comes from
|
*gr-on-
|
(possibly) also developed into
|
Persian کلنگ kolang
|
cud
|
comes
from
|
*gʷétu
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit जतु jatu
“gum, resin” |
cycle comes via Latin from Ancient Greek κύκλος
küklos (see “wheel”) |
comes from |
*kʷekʷlos [kwekʷlos], from *kʷe-kʷel-os “move
around and around”, reduplication of *kʷel- “move around” |
developed into
|
Ancient Greek κύκλος küklos |
|
|
*kʷekʷlos [kwekʷlos] |
also developed into |
Sanskrit चक्र chakra,
that developed into Urdu
چکر chakar |
dale |
comes
from |
*dʰol [dʱol] |
developed into |
Ukrainian Долина Dolyna (a
place name)
|
dare (see “durst”) |
comes from
|
*dʰors-
|
developed into
|
Persian داشتن daashtan
“to have, hold” |
|
|
*dʰors- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit धर्षति dharshati
“dare, challenge” |
daughter
|
comes from
|
*dʰugh₂tḗr [dʱugɐté:ɾ], earlier [dʱugħté:ɾ] |
developed into
|
Persian دختر dukhter
|
|
|
*dʰugh₂tḗr [dʱugħté:r] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek θυγατέρα thugatera |
day |
comes from
|
*dʰegʷʰ- [dʱəgʷʱ] |
developed into |
Urdu
داغ dagh
“a burn” |
deed (see “do”) |
comes from
|
*dʰéh₁-ti- [dʱe:ti] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit धातु dhaatu
|
|
|
*dʰéh₁-ti- [dʱe:ti]
|
also developed into |
Ancient Greek θέσις thesis |
deep
|
comes from
|
*dʰeub- [dʱɛʊb] |
developed into
|
Albanian det “sea” |
deer |
comes from
|
*dʰeus-
|
developed into
|
Urdu دھنسنا dhasna “to
fall”
|
|
|
*dʰeus- |
also developed into |
Lithuanian dvasia
“spirit, breath” |
dew |
comes from
|
*dʰouh₂ [dʱoʊɐ] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit धव् dhav “run,
flow” |
do
(see “deed”) |
comes
from |
*dʰoh₁- [dʱo:],
a form of *dʰéh₁- |
developed into |
Sanskrit धा dhaa
“something put down” |
door |
comes
from
|
*dʰur-
and related form *dʰwor- |
developed into
|
Ossetian дуар dwar
|
|
|
*dʰwor- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit dvar,
which further developed into
Punjabi ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ gurdwara
= gur+dwara “gateway to the gurus”; see “quern” below. |
|
|
*dʰwor- |
also developed into |
Romani vudar |
|
|
*dʰwor- |
also developed into |
Persian در dar |
dream
|
comes from
|
*dʰrougʰ-mo-
|
developed into
|
Persian دروغ doroog
“untruth, lie, falsehood” |
durst (see “dare”) |
comes from |
*dʰors-
|
developed into |
Persian داشتن daashtan
“have, hold”
|
|
|
*dʰors- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit धर्षति dharshati
“dare, challenge” |
ear |
comes
from |
*h₂ous [aus], earlier [hɐus], [ħɐus]. The
dual form, *h₂ṓus-ih₁,
|
developed into |
Persian هوش hoosh
|
|
|
Another inflected form, *h₂óus-es- [hɒuses], |
developed into |
Lithuanian
ausis |
earth |
comes from
|
*h₁ér-t- [e:rt], earlier [hɘrt]
|
developed into
|
Albanian varr
|
|
|
*h₁ér-t- [hɘrt] |
also developed into |
Persian خر kharr
“mud” |
|
|
*h₁ér-t- [hɘrt] |
also developed into |
Zazaki her |
east
|
comes from
|
*h₂eus- [hæus]. The related form *h₂us- |
developed into
|
Sanskrit उषस् ushas
“dawn” |
|
|
*h₂eus- [hæus] |
also developed into |
Latin Aurora
|
eat
|
comes
from
|
*h₁éd- [ɛd]
|
developed into
|
Sanskrit अत्ति atti
|
|
|
*h₁éd- [ɛd] |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian jedem |
|
|
*h₁éd- [ɛd] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἔδω edo |
edge (see “heaven”) |
comes
from
|
*h₂eḱ- [ħakʲ],
from earlier [ħekʲ],
|
developed into
|
Persian آس aas
“millstone” |
|
|
*h₂eḱ- [ħakʲ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἀκίς akis
“barb” |
egg,
a loan from Old Norse |
comes from
|
*h₂ōu-ió- [χɐuio]
|
developed into
|
Persian خایه haye |
Anglo-Saxon æ̅ġ “egg” |
also comes from
|
*h₂ōu-ió- [χɐuio], which |
also developed into |
Balochi ہیک hayk |
|
|
*h₂ōu-ió- [χɐuio] |
also developed into |
Pashto هګئ hagey |
|
|
*h₂ōu-ió- [χɐuio] derived from
*h₂eu-is [ħɐʊɪs]
“bird”, which |
developed into |
Armenian հավ hav
“bird” |
|
|
*h₂eu-is [ħɐʊɪs] |
also developed into |
Latin avis
“bird” |
eight
|
comes
from
|
*h₂oḱtṓu |
developed into
|
Tajik ҳашт hasht
|
eke (see “wax”) |
comes
from
|
*h₂éug- [hɑug],
which |
developed into
|
Latvian augt “grow” |
|
|
*h₂éug- [hɑug] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian aukštas
“high, tall” |
|
|
*h₂éug- [hɑug] |
also developed into |
Latin Augustus “increased,
elevated, honored” |
elbow
= ell-bow |
comes from
|
*Heh₃l-én-eh₂- [ho̥léna]
|
developed into
|
Persian ارنج arenj
|
|
|
*Heh₃l-én-eh₂- [ho̥léna] |
also developed into |
Modern Greek ωλένη oleni
“ulna, elbow bone” |
|
|
*Heh₃l-én-eh₂- [ho̥léna] |
also developed into |
Latin ulna |
|
|
*Heh₃l-é- [holé] |
developed into |
Latvian olekts |
else
|
comes from
|
*h₂él-io-s [ɐlios], earlier [ħelios] |
developed into
|
Armenian այլ ayl “other, also,
but” |
empty (see “mete”) |
comes from |
*méd-e-
“measure”
|
developed into
|
Armenian միտք mitk’
“mind, idea”
|
English |
comes from |
*h₂emǵʰ-u- [ħaŋgʱu] |
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian uzak
“narrow” |
|
|
*h₂emǵʰ-u- [ħaŋgʱu] |
also developed into |
Latin ango “choke,
constrict” |
enough
|
comes from
|
*h₂noḱ- [ɐ̥nok], earlier [ħnok] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit नशति nashati “to
reach, attain” |
|
|
*h₂e-h₂noḱ- [ħɐ̥ħnok] |
also developed into |
Albanian kënaq “satisfy” |
|
|
*h₂noḱ- [ħnok] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἀνάγκη anangke
“necessity” |
|
|
The derived form *h₂nḱ- [ħnk] |
developed into |
Armenian հասնել hasnel
“reach” |
ewe |
comes
from |
*h₃éu-i-s
[ʕo:is] (Simulation 1) |
|
|
Alternatively, ewe
|
comes from
|
*h₃éu-i-s
[ħʷo:is] (Simulation 2) |
developed into |
Sanskrit अवि avi
|
|
|
*h₃éu-i-s [ħʷo:is] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian avis |
|
|
*h₃éu-i-s [ħʷo:is] |
also developed into |
Armenian հովիվ hovif
“shepherd” |
|
|
*h₃éu-i-s [ħʷo:is] |
also developed into |
Bosnian ovca |
eye
|
comes
from
|
*h₃okʷ [okʷ],
a form of *h₃ekʷ [ʕekʷ] (?) |
developed into
|
Urdu آنکھ aankh
|
|
|
*h₃okʷ [okʷ] |
also developed into |
Romani yakh |
|
|
*h₃okʷ [okʷ] |
also developed into |
Armenian ակն akn |
|
|
*h₃okʷ [okʷ] |
also developed into |
Latin oculus |
fallow
(colour, as in “fallow deer”) |
comes from
|
*polh₁-uo [polwo]. The related form *polh₁-tos
[polɪtos] |
developed into
|
Sanskrit पलित palita “grey”
|
|
|
From the same stem *polh₁-, another
inflected form, *polh₁-yos, |
developed into |
Ancient Greek πολιός polios
“grey” |
|
|
Another form of the same root, *pelh₁-, |
developed into |
Latvian pelēks |
fare (see “ford”) |
comes
from
|
*pór-e-
|
developed into
|
Persian پل pul
“bridge” |
fart
|
comes from |
*pérd-e-
|
developed into |
Urdu پادری pardri |
fast
|
comes from |
*ph₂sth₂-o- [pastao]. *ph₂st(h₂)- |
developed into |
Armenian հաստ hast
“firm, steady” |
|
|
*ph₂sth₂-
developed from *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-
"fix-stand".
*ph₂ǵ-
|
continued almost unchanged in the stem of |
Latin paganus
“countrysider” (pagus = “region, countryside”) |
father (see “food”) |
comes from |
*ph₂-tḗr [pɑté:r], earlier [pħté:r] |
developed into |
Persian پدر pedar
|
|
|
|
also developed into |
Latin pater |
feather
(see “fern”) |
comes from |
*péth₂r- [pétɐr], earlier [pétħr] |
developed into |
Armenian փետուր petur
|
|
|
The stem *péth₂- [pétɐ] |
also developed into |
Modern Greek πέταλο petalo
“petal, horseshoe” |
|
|
*péth₂- [pétɐ] |
also developed into |
Marathi पत्र patra |
fee
|
comes
from |
*péḱu
[pék̟ʉ]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit पशु pashu
|
|
|
*péḱu [pék̟ʉ] |
also developed into |
Punjabi ਪਸ਼ੂ pashu |
fern
(see “feather”) |
comes from |
*pterh₂ [pterħ] (Kroonen) |
developed into |
Persian پر per
“feather, wing”
|
|
|
*pterh₂ [pterħ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek πτερά ptera
“feathers, wings” |
few
|
comes
from |
*ph₂u- [pɐu],
earlier [pħu] |
developed into |
Urdu پُوت puut “son”
|
|
|
*ph₂u- [pɐu] |
also developed into |
Latin paucus |
field (see “flat”) |
comes from |
*pelth₂- [peltɐ] ~ [peltħ]. Variant form
*plth₂- [pl̩tɐ] |
developed into |
Sanskrit पृथु prthu
“broad, wide” |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alternative analysis: *pelh₂- [pelɐ], variant *polh₂- [polɐ] |
developed into |
Proto-Slavic and Polish pole |
|
|
*pelh₂- [pelɐ] |
further developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian and Slovenian polje |
fiend
|
comes from |
*ph₁-i-ont- [pi:ont]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit पीयति piyati
“hate” |
fierce |
comes from |
*ǵʰwēr- |
developed into |
Persian شیر shir, which was adapted into Mandarin Chinese 狮子 shizi
sh’dz’
“lion” |
|
|
*ǵʰwēr- |
also developed into |
Lithuanian žvėrinė
“huntress” |
fight
|
comes from |
*peḱ-t-e.
The derived form *poḱ-s-mn̥ |
developed into |
Persian پشم pashm “wool”
|
film |
comes
from |
*pel-mo.
A related form *pel-no |
developed into |
Bosnian pelena
“diaper” |
find (see “path”) |
comes from |
*pént-e-
|
developed into |
Vedic Sanskrit पन्थासो panthaso
“path”, borrowed into
Bengali পন্থা pontha |
fire
|
comes from |
*péh₂‐ur [pa(ħ)ur]
|
developed into |
Balochi پُر phor
“ashes, flames” |
first (see “former”) |
comes from |
*preh₂- [pʰreɐ],
earlier [pʰreħ]
|
developed into |
Hindi प्रथम pratham |
|
|
*preh₂- [pʰreɐ] |
also developed into |
Doric Greek πρᾶτος prâtos |
|
|
The derived form *prh₂-wos [pʰrɐwos] |
developed into |
Sanskrit पूर्व purva |
|
|
*prh₂-wos [pʰrɐwos] |
also developed into |
Bulgarian първо prrvo |
five
|
comes from |
*pénkwe
|
developed into |
Urdu پانچ panch
|
|
|
*pénkwe |
also developed into |
European Romani panzh |
flat (see “field”) |
comes from |
*plth₂-
[pl̩tɐ] |
developed into |
Sanskrit पृथु prthu
“broad, wide” |
|
|
*plth₂- [pl̩tɐ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek Πλαταια Plataia
(a city-state, literally “Flat Country”) |
flax
|
comes from |
*pleḱ-t-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit प्रश्न prashna
“woven basket” |
|
|
*pleḱ-t- |
also developed into |
Ukrainian плести́ plesti
“weave” |
flow
|
comes from |
*plṓu-e-
[pʰloʊə]
|
developed into |
Ukrainian плавати plavati
“float, swim”, Slovenian plavati |
|
|
*plṓu-e- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit अन्ववप्लु plavate
“dive” |
fodder (see “food”) |
comes from |
*peh₂- [peħ, peɐ̥] |
developed into |
Persian پاییدن payidan
“protect, feed” |
|
|
|
also developed into |
Latin pastum
“pasture” |
foe
|
comes
from |
*póiḱ-o-
The derived form *piḱ- |
developed into |
Sanskrit पिशुन pishuna
“evil” |
food (see “fodder”, “father”)
|
comes
from |
*peh₂- [peħ, peɐ̥] |
developed into |
Persian پاییدن payidan
“protect, feed” |
foot
|
comes
from |
*pōd-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit पद pad |
ford (see “fare”) |
comes
from |
*pr̥tu- [pr̩tʰu]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit पिपर्ति piparti
“bring over” |
|
|
*pr̥tu- [pr̩tʰu] |
also developed into |
Persian and Urdu پل pul
“bridge” |
former (see “first”) |
comes from |
*prh₂-mó- [pʰrɐmo], earlier [pʰr̩ħmo]
|
developed into
|
Lithuanian pirmo
|
four
|
comes from |
*kʷetwṓr-
|
developed into |
Ukrainian чоти́ри chotiri |
|
|
*kʷetwṓr- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit चतुर् chatur |
|
|
*kʷetwṓr- |
also developed into |
Persian چهار chahar |
friend
|
comes from |
*priH-eh₂- [pʰri:ɐ:], earlier [pʰriheħ] |
developed into |
Kurdish ئافراندن afrandin
“create” |
|
|
*priH-eh₂- [pʰri:ɐ:] |
also developed into |
Sanskrit प्रीणाति priinaati
“to please”
|
|
|
*priH-eh₂- [pʰri:ɐ:] |
also developed into |
Bosnian prijatelj
“friend” |
full
|
comes from |
*plh₁-nó-
[pl̩n—]
|
developed into |
Persian پر pur |
|
|
*plh₁-nó- [pl̩n—] |
also developed into |
Sanskrit पृणाति prnaati
“fill” |
|
|
Variant form *pleh₁-nó- |
developed into |
Latin plenus |
gander (see “goose”) |
comes from |
*ǵʰh₂ens [gʱɐns] |
developed into |
Urdu ہنس hans |
|
|
*ǵʰh₂ens [gʱɐns] |
also developed into |
Latin anser
“duck” |
gang
|
comes from |
*ǵʰengʰ- |
developed into |
Sanskrit जङ्घा janghaa
“leg” |
|
|
*ǵʰengʰ- |
also developed into |
Romani chang “knee” |
|
|
*ǵʰengʰ- |
also developed into |
Urdu ٹانگ taang “leg”
|
ghastly (see “aghast”) |
comes from |
*ǵʰois-d-o- |
developed into |
Persian زشت zesht “ugly” |
ghost |
also comes from |
*ǵʰois-d-o-
|
|
|
glad
|
comes from |
*gʰleh₂dʰ- [gʱla:dʱ], earlier [gʱleɐdʱ], [gʱleħdʱ] |
developed into |
Bosnian gladak
“smooth”
|
|
|
The derived form *gʰlh₂dʰ-ro- [gʱlɐdʱro] |
developed into |
Latin, Spanish and Italian glabro |
glee
|
comes from |
*gʰlei-.
The related form *gʰleu-
|
developed into |
Bosnian glumiti
“act, pretend”
|
go
|
comes
from |
*ǵʰeh₁- [g̟ʱe:]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit जहाति jahaati
“abandon, go away from”
|
|
|
The derived form *ǵʰeh₁-ro [g̟ʱe:ro] |
developed into |
Ancient Greek χήρα khera
“person left behind, widow” |
gold (see “yellow”) |
comes
from |
*ǵʰlh₃-to- [g̟ʱl̩t—]. The
related form *ǵʰelh₃- [g̟ʱel—] |
developed into |
Persian زرد zard
“yellow”
|
|
|
*ǵʰelh₃- [g̟ʱel—] |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian zelena
“green” |
|
|
The derived form
*ǵʰlh₃-ros [g̟ʱlo̥ros] |
developed into |
Ancient Greek χλωρός khloros
“yellowy-green” (as in chlorine) |
good |
comes from |
*gʰodʰ-eh₂- [gʱodʱa:] |
developed into |
Sanskrit गध्य gadhya
“to seize”
|
goose (see “gander”) |
comes from |
*ǵʰh₂ens [gʱɐns]
|
developed into |
Urdu ہنس hans
|
|
|
*ǵʰh₂ens [gʱɐns] |
also developed into |
Latin anser |
groom
|
comes from |
*dʰǵʰm-on-
|
developed into |
Pashto ځمکه dzmaka
“earth” |
hale (see “whole”) |
comes
from |
*koi-lo-
|
developed into |
Bosnian cijelo
“all” |
hall
|
comes
from |
*ḱel- [cel]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit शाला shaala |
hang
|
comes from |
*ḱónk-e-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit शङ्क shanka “doubt” |
|
|
*ḱónk-e- |
also developed into |
Hittite 𒅗𒀀𒀭𒆠 kaanki |
hare
|
comes from |
*ḱh₂s-en- [kɐsən] |
developed into |
Sanskrit शश shasha |
|
|
*ḱh₂s-en- [kʰasən]
|
also developed into |
Latin canus
“white” |
harrow (see “shear”) |
comes from |
*ker-p
|
developed into |
Urdu کرپان krpaan
“sword”
|
harvest
|
also comes from |
*ker-p |
also developed into |
Punjabi ਕਿਰਪਾਨ kirpaan,
the dagger worn by Sikhs |
have
|
comes from |
*kh₂p-éh₁- [kapé:]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit कपटी kapati “holding”
(as much as can be held in the two hands joined) |
|
|
The root *kh₂p- [kap] |
developed into |
Albanian kap “grab,
catch”
|
|
|
*kh₂p- [kap] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek κάπτω kapto
“gulp” |
head
|
comes from |
*kh₂p-ut- [kɐput] |
continued almost unchanged into |
Latin caput |
|
|
A related form, *kh₂p-ol- [kɐpol] |
developed into |
Sanskrit and Nepali कपाल kapaal
“skull” |
|
|
*kh₂p-ol- [kɐpol] |
also passed (by borrowing from Sanskrit)
into |
Japanese 瓦 kawara
“roof tile” |
heart
|
comes from |
*ḱerd [k̟ʲerd]
|
developed into |
Hindi हृदय hrday |
heaven (see “edge”) |
comes from |
*h₂ḱ-mon- [ħak̟ʲmon], from *h₂eḱ-mon- [ħek̟ʲmon] |
developed into |
Persian آسمان asman “sky”
|
|
|
*h₂eḱ-mon- [ħek̟ʲmon] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian akmuõ
“stone” |
|
|
*h₂eḱ-mon- [ħek̟ʲmon] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἄκμων akmon
“anvil, meteoric stone, meteorite” |
herd |
comes from |
*ḱerdʰ-eh₂-
[k̟ʲeɾdʱeɐ], earlier [k̟ʲerdʱeħ] |
developed into
|
Bosnian krda
|
|
|
*ḱerdʰ-eh₂- |
also developed into |
Slovenian čreda |
hew
|
comes from |
*kóuh₂-e- [kóuɐ̥], earlier [kóuħe] |
developed into |
Bosnian kovač
“smith” |
high
|
comes from |
*kóuk-o-
|
developed into |
Bosnian kuka
“hook” |
hold
|
comes
from |
*kel-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit कलयति kalayati
“counts” |
home
|
comes
from |
*ḱoim-os,
a
form of *ḱei-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit शी shi “to lie down”
|
honey
|
comes from |
*kn̥h₂-onk-o-s [kn̩aoŋk̟os]
|
developed into |
Hindi कनक kanak
“gold” |
|
|
The related form *kn̥h₂-ko- [knɐko] |
developed into |
Doric Greek κνακός knakos
“safflower” (Mycenaean Greek 𐀏𐀙𐀒 ka-na-ko) |
hook
|
comes from |
*kéh₃go- [kɔgɔ], derived from
*kéh₃ngo- [kɔŋgɔ] |
developed into |
Persian چنگ chang “claw” (but
more commonly, “harp”) |
|
|
*kéh₃go- [kɔgɔ] |
developed into |
Russian ко́готь kogot |
horn
|
comes
from |
*ḱr̥-n- [k̟ʲr̩n]. The derived
form *ḱr-n-go- |
developed into |
Sanskrit शृङ्ग shrnga.
The Persian cognate of this word, سرنا sorna,
was borrowed into Chinese as 唢呐 (Mandarin suǒnà),
a musical instrument.
|
|
|
*ḱr̥-n- [k̟ʲr̩n] |
also developed into |
Luwian 𒍪𒌨𒉌 zurni |
|
|
The root *ḱer- |
developed into |
Northern (Kurmanji) Kurdish ser
and Urdu سر ser “head” |
|
|
*ḱer- |
also developed into |
Armenian սար sar “peak,
mountain”; Persian and Pashto سر sar
“head” |
hart |
comes from |
the extended root *ḱer-h₂.
|
developed into |
Lithuanian karvė
“cow” |
|
|
*ḱor-h₂
|
also developed into |
Ukrainian корова korova “cow” |
hound
|
comes from |
*ḱu-on- |
developed into |
Sanskrit श्वन् shwan
|
|
|
*ḱu-on- |
also developed into |
Armenian շուն shun |
hue
|
comes
from |
*ḱieh₁- [k̟ʲe:], earlier [k̟ʲeh] |
developed into |
Persian سیاه siyah “black” |
hundred (see “ten”) |
comes from |
*ḱm̥tóm [k̟ʲm̩tóm], earlier *dḱm̥-tó- [dk̟ʲm̩tó]. *dḱm̥t- “ten” |
developed into |
Iron
Ossetian сӕдӕ shada,
which further developed into
Digor Ossetian сӕдӕ sada
|
|
|
*dḱm̥t- |
also developed into |
Persian
صد sad |
I
|
comes
from |
*h₁éǵh₂ [heɟɐ̥]
|
developed into |
Ossetian æз az |
|
|
*h₁éǵh₂ [heɟɐ̥] |
also developed into |
Pashto زه zuh
[zə] |
ice |
comes from |
*h₁éiH-so [heiso].
The related form *h₁eiH-ko- [ heiko]
|
developed into |
Urdu یخ yakh
|
is (see “am”) |
comes
from |
*h₁és-ti [ésti] |
developed into |
Sanskrit अस्ति asti |
|
|
*h₁és-ti [ésti] |
also developed into |
Persian است ast |
jowl
|
comes
from
|
*ǵebʰ- [ʤeb]
|
developed into
|
Urdu جبڑا jabra |
kill (see “quell”) |
comes from |
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥] |
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian žaoka
“stinger, barb” |
|
|
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥] |
developed into |
Ancient Greek βέλεμνον belemnon,
“javelin, dart” |
kin |
comes
from |
*ǵenh₁- [g̟ʲenə]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit जनति janati
“give birth” |
kind
|
also comes from |
*ǵenh₁- [g̟ʲenə]
|
also developed into |
Persian زادن zadan “give
birth” |
|
|
*ǵenh₁- [g̟ʲenə] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek γενέτα geneta
“birth” |
knee |
comes
from |
*ǵn-eu- [g̟nəo].
The related form *ǵonu- |
developed into |
Sanskrit
जानु jaanu |
|
|
*ǵonu- |
also developed into |
Urdu زانو zanu |
know (see “can”) |
comes from |
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ] |
developed into |
Urdu جاننا jaannaa
|
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian žinau |
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ] |
also developed into |
Balochi زان zan |
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek γνώση gnose |
land |
comes from |
*lendʰ- [lendʱ] |
developed into |
Polish Lędzianie
“Lendians” |
lean
|
comes
from |
*ḱli-n- [k̟li:n].
The related form *ḱlei-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit श्रयते shrayate |
leave
over |
comes from |
*loip-.
The related form *leip- |
developed into |
Polish lepić
“mould, be sticky” |
|
|
*leip- |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian ljepilo
“glue” |
|
|
*leip- |
also developed into |
Greek λιπαρός liparos “oily” |
lend (see “loan”) |
comes from |
*leikʷ-
“to leave”
|
developed into |
Persian ریختن rikhtan
“pour, spill, sprinkle” |
let
|
comes
from |
*leh₁d- [le:d]
|
developed into |
Albanian lodh “to
tire” |
lick
|
comes
from |
*liǵʰ-
|
developed into |
Persian لیس lis
|
lie
down |
comes from |
*légʰyo-
|
developed into |
Bosnian ležati lezhati
|
to tell a lie
|
comes
from |
*léugʰ- |
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian lagati
|
light
(brightness) |
comes from |
*leuk-
[lɘʊk] |
developed into |
Balochi
روچ roch
“day” |
|
|
*leuk- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit रोचते rochate |
|
|
*leuk- |
also developed into |
Persian روشنی roshani
“brightness”, which was borrowed into Urdu
as روشنی roshni |
|
|
*leuk- |
also developed into |
Northern (Kurmanji) Kurdish roj rozh
“Sun, day” |
|
|
*leuk- |
also developed into |
Tajik рӯз ruz “day”,
Persian روز ruz, as in نوروز nowruz
“New [Year's] Day” (see “new”) |
light
(weight) |
comes from |
*h₁lengʷʰ-to-
[e̥lʲɐŋgʷʰ]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit लघु laghu |
|
|
*h₁lengʷʰ- |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἐλαχύς elakhüs |
lip
|
comes
from |
*leb-
|
developed into |
Persian لب lab |
listen (see “loud”) |
comes from |
*ḱleu-s [klɐʊs]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit श्रोष्यति shroshyati
“will hear” |
|
|
*ḱleu-s |
also developed into |
Bosnian slušati slushati |
|
|
*ḱleu-s |
continued almost unchanged into |
Lithuanian klausyti |
loan (see “lend”) |
comes from |
*loikʷ-,
a
form of *leikʷ- “to leave”, which |
developed into |
Persian ریختن rikhtan
“pour, spill, sprinkle” |
lock
|
comes
from |
*leug-.
A related form, *lug-no-s
|
developed into |
Sanskrit and Hindi रुग्ण rugna
“bent” |
long
|
comes from |
*dlonǵʰ- |
developed into |
Persian دراز deraz
|
loud (see “listen”) |
comes from |
*ḱleu-t [klɐʊt]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit श्रुत shruta “heard” |
love
|
comes
from |
*lubʰ-,
a form of *leubʰ-
|
continued almost unchanged into |
Sanskrit लुभ्यति lubhyati
|
lust
|
comes from |
*leh₂s- [lɐ:s]
|
developed into |
Hindi अनभिलषित anabhilashit
“undesired”
|
|
|
*leh₂s- [lɐ:s] |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian laskati
“flatter” |
|
|
*leh₂s- [lɐ:s] |
also developed into |
Latin lascivus |
maggot (see “moth”) |
comes from |
*mot- |
developed into |
Belarusian мотыль matil
“butterfly” |
|
|
*mot- |
also developed into |
Persian ملخ malakh “locust,
grasshopper” |
man
|
comes
from |
*mánu-s
|
developed into |
Bengali মানুষ manush |
mane
|
comes from |
*mon-eh₂- [monɐ̤ɦ] |
developed into |
Marathi मान maan “nape” |
many
|
comes from |
*monogʰo
|
developed into |
Bosnian mnogo |
march (frontier region) |
comes from |
*morǵ-eh₂ [morg̟ʲɐ:]
|
developed into |
Persian مرز marz “border” |
|
|
*morǵ-eh₂ [morg̟ʲɐ:] |
also developed into |
Latin margo |
may (see “might”) |
comes
from |
*mogʰ-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit मघ magha
“power” |
mead
(honey wine) |
comes from |
*medʰ-u-
|
developed almost unchanged into
|
Lithuanian medus
“honey”
|
|
|
*medʰ-u- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit मधु madhu |
meal (ground food) (see “mould”)
|
comes from |
*melh₁-uo- [meləwɔ]. *melh₁- |
developed into |
Persian مالیدن malidan
“rub”
|
|
|
*melh₁- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit मृद् mrd “rub” |
|
|
*melh₁- |
also developed into |
Urdu ملنا malna “rubbing” |
mere
(lake) |
comes
from |
*mor-i- [moɾi]
|
developed into |
Bosnian more
“sea” |
mete out (see “empty”) |
comes
from |
*méd-e-
|
developed into |
Armenian միտք mitk’
“thought” |
mid
|
comes from |
*medʰ-io- [medʱjo]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit मध्य madhya,
that developed into Hindi मध्य madhye
|
might (see “may”) |
comes from
|
*mogʰ- |
developed into
|
Sanskrit मघ magha
“power”
|
milk
|
comes from |
*h₂melǵ- [ħmelg, ɐ̥melg]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit मर्जति marjati “clean, wipe”
|
|
|
*h₂melǵ- |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἀμέλγω amelgo |
mind
|
comes
from |
*mn-ti-,
a form of *men-, which
|
developed into |
Bengali মানা mana “accept, obey” |
mingle
|
comes from |
*monk-, a form of *menk-, which
|
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian mek
“soft” |
|
|
*menk- |
also developed into |
Persian آمیختن amekhtan
“mix, mingle, blend, couple” |
|
|
*menk- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit मचते machate “be
arrogant” |
mirth
|
comes from |
*mrǵʰ-u-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit मुहु muhu
“short”
|
mist
|
comes from |
*h₃migʰ- [ŏmigʱ]
|
developed into |
Persian مه meh |
|
|
*h₃migʰ- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit मेघ megha |
|
|
The suffixed form *h₃migʰ-leh₂ |
developed into |
Modern Greek ομίχλη omikhli
|
|
|
*h₃migʰ-leh₂ |
also developed into |
Siraiki mẽghla |
moon |
comes from |
*méh₁nos [me:nos]
|
developed into |
Persian, Balochi and Urdu ماه mah |
|
|
*méh₁nos [me:nos] |
also developed into |
Latin mensis |
morn (see “tomorrow”) |
comes
from |
*mrk [mr̩:k]
|
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian and Slovenian mrak
“dark, dusk” |
morrow (see “tomorrow”) |
also comes from |
*mrk [mr̩:k] |
|
|
moss
|
comes
from |
*meus-a-.
A related form *mus-o-
|
developed into |
Ukrainian мох mokh |
|
|
*mus-o- |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian mahovina |
moth (see “maggot”) |
comes
from |
*mot-
|
developed into |
Belarusian мотыль matil
“butterfly” |
|
|
*mot- |
also developed into |
Persian ملخ malakh “locust,
grasshopper” |
mother
|
comes from |
*meh₂tḗr [maté:r], earlier [meħté:r] |
developed into |
Persian مادر modar
|
mo(u)ld (see “meal”) |
comes from |
*ml̥h₂-téh₂ [ml̩:teħ], a form of *melh₂-. The derived
form *ml̥h₂-tó-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit and Hindi मृदा mrda
“soil, clay” |
|
|
*ml̥h₂-téh₂ [ml̩:teħ] |
developed into |
Ancient Greek μάλθα malta
“a soft mixture of wax and pitch” |
mourn
|
comes
from |
*mer,
*smer
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्मरति smarati
“remember” |
|
|
*smer |
also developed into |
Persian شمردن shemordan
“to count” |
mouse
|
comes from |
*muh₁s-
[mu:s]
|
developed into |
Persian موش mush |
much
|
comes from |
*meǵh₂- [megɐ]
|
developed into |
Northern (Kurmanji) Kurdish mazin
|
|
|
*meǵh₂- [megɐ] |
developed into |
Ancient Greek μέγας megas |
murder
|
comes from |
*mŕ-to- [mr̩to],
a form of *mer-
|
developed into |
Persian مردن mordan “to
die” |
nail
|
comes from |
*h₃nog(ʷ)ʰ- [ŏ̥nogʷʱ]
|
developed into |
Persian ناخن nakhon, borrowed into Urdu
ناخن nakhun
|
|
|
*h₃nog(ʷ)ʰ- [ŏ̥nogʷʱ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ὄνυξ onuks,
Modern Greek νύχι nishi |
name
|
comes from |
*h₃nh̥₃men [ŏ̥nómen] |
developed into |
Persian نام naam, borrowed into Urdu
نام naam |
|
|
*h₃nh̥₃men [ŏ̥nómen] |
also developed into |
Modern Greek όνομα onoma |
narrow |
comes from |
*ner [neɾ̥]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit नृत्य nrtya
“dance” |
navel |
comes from |
*h₃nobʰ-l-on- [onóbʰlon]. *h₃nobʰ- |
developed into |
Sanskrit नभ्य nabhya |
|
|
*h₃nobʰ- |
also developed into |
Persian ناف naf |
|
|
*h₃nobʰ-l-on- [onóbʰlon] |
also developed into |
Modern Greek ομφαλός omfalos |
nest (see “sit”) |
comes from |
*ni-sd-o [nizdo], a derived form of *sed- |
developed into |
Sanskrit नीड niida,
that developed into Hindi नीड़ niir
|
new |
comes
from |
*neu-io-
|
developed into |
Urdu نیا nea |
|
|
*neu-io- |
also developed into |
Persian نو no, and
نوروز nowruz
“new light” (New Year's Day) |
night |
comes from |
*nokʷt-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit नक्तम् naktam |
|
|
*nokʷt-s |
also developed into |
Lithuanian naktis
|
nine |
comes from |
*h₁néun [e̥néun]
|
developed into |
Persian نُه noh |
|
|
*h₁néun |
also developed into |
Ancient and Modern Greek εννέα ennéa |
|
|
*h₁néun |
also developed into |
Armenian ինը ina |
nit |
comes from
|
*ḱh₃nid-
[kɵníd]
|
developed into
|
Armenian անիծ anits |
|
|
*ḱh₃nid- [kɵníd] |
also developed into |
Modern Greek κόνιδα konitha |
nose |
comes from |
*nh̥₂-s-eh₂-
[nɐ̥sɐ̥:]
|
continued almost unchanged into |
Punjabi ਨਾਸ naas
“nostril”
|
|
|
*nh̥₂-s- |
also developed into |
Hindi नाक naak |
|
|
*nh̥₂-s- |
also developed into |
Romani nak |
now |
comes
from |
*nu
|
continued almost unchanged into |
Sanskrit नु nu
|
off (see “after”) |
comes
from |
*h₂ep-ó [apó],
earlier [ħapó]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit अप apa |
|
|
*h₂ep-ó [apó] |
continued almost unchanged into |
Modern Greek απο apo
|
one (see “a”, “an”,
“any”) |
comes from
|
*h₁oi-no-s [oinos] |
developed into |
Albanian një |
ore |
comes from |
*h₂éi-es- [ħʌĭes] |
developed into |
Sanskrit अयस् ayas
|
|
|
*h₂éi-es- [ħʌĭes]
|
also developed into |
Latin aes |
other |
comes from |
*h₂en-tero- [antero]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit अन्तर antara |
|
|
*h₂en-tero- |
also developed into |
Lithuanian antra
“second” |
|
|
*h₂en-tero- |
also developed into |
Latvian Otrdiena “Tuesday”
i.e. “second day” |
|
|
*h₂en-tero- |
also developed into |
Latin alter |
otter (see “water”, “wet”) |
comes from |
*ud-r-o-
(the stem of which, *ud-, is derived from *wed-)
|
developed into |
Sanskrit उद्र udra |
|
|
*ud-r-o- |
developed (almost identically) into |
Lithuanian udra |
out |
comes
from |
*ūd
|
developed into |
Classical Persian prefix ز- zu-
|
oven |
comes from |
*h₂up-no, from *h₂ukʷ- [ħukʷ—] |
developed into |
Sanskrit उखा ukha |
over (see “up”) |
comes from |
*h₁uper- [hʉpeɾ]
Comparative of *h₁upo “up” |
developed into |
Sanskrit उपरि upari |
|
|
*h₁uper- |
also developed into |
Persian ابر abar |
owe |
comes from |
*(h₂e-)h₂oik- [ɐħɑik̟ʲ]. The related form
*h₂e-h₂iḱ- [ɐħik̟ʲ] |
developed into |
Sanskrit ईष्टे ishte “own” |
own |
also comes from |
*(h₂e-)h₂oik- [ɐħɑik̟ʲ]. |
|
|
ox |
comes
from |
*Huksen [ɦuksɘn]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit उक्षन् ukshan |
path (see “find”) |
comes from |
Proto-Germanic *patha
|
a loan from |
Iranian *patha |
The Iranian source of Proto-Germanic *patha
|
comes from |
*pont-eh₁-s [ponte:s] |
also developed into |
Vedic Sanskrit पन्थासो panthaso
“path”, borrowed into
Bengali পন্থা pontha |
queen |
comes from |
*gwen-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit ग्ना gnaa
“goddess” |
|
|
*gwen- |
also developed into |
Pashto جنۍ jinay
“girl” |
|
|
*gwen- |
also developed into |
Balochi جن jan
“woman” |
|
|
*gwen- |
also developed into |
Bosnian žena zhena “woman” |
|
|
*gwen- |
also developed into |
Persian زن zan
“woman” |
quell (see “kill”) |
comes from |
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥] |
developed into |
Bosnian žaoka “sting,
barb” |
|
|
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥] |
developed into |
Ancient Greek βέλεμνον belemnon,
“javelin, dart”
|
quern |
comes from |
*gʷerh₂-nu-
[gwerən—]
|
developed into |
Persian گران geran
“expensive” (archaic: “heavy”) |
|
|
*gʷerh₂-nu- |
further developed into |
Balochi گران graan
“heavy” |
|
|
*gʷerh₂- |
also developed into |
Punjabi ਗੁਰ gur
“guru”, as in ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ gurdwara
= gur+dwara “gateway to the gurus”; see “door”. |
|
|
*gʷerh₂- |
also developed into |
Pashto ګور gurh “grave,
tomb” |
|
|
*gʷerh₂- (via variant
form *gʷéh₂r-us) |
developed into |
Ancient Greek βάρος baros
“weight” |
|
|
*gʷerh₂- (via variant
form *gʷréh₂-us)
|
developed into |
Latin gravis
“heavy” |
|
|
*gʷréh₂ |
developed into |
Scottish Gaelic brà
“quern” |
quick
|
comes from |
*gʷi-gʷh₃-(u)ó-
|
developed into |
Persian جیوه jiive “quicksilver,
mercury” |
|
|
*gʷi-gʷh₃-(u)ó-
|
also developed into |
Lithuanian gyvo “alive” |
|
|
Variant form *gʷiéh₃-uo- |
developed into |
Modern Greek ζώο zowo “animal” |
|
|
Variant
form *gʷih₃-uo
|
developed into |
Ancient Greek βίος bios
“life” |
|
|
*gʷih₃-uo |
also developed into |
Latin vivo “I live” |
quoth (see “bequeath”) |
comes from |
*gʷet-. Likely related to *gʷed-, which
|
developed into |
Sanskrit
गदति gadati
“to speak” |
raw |
comes from |
*krouh₂- [kɾoʊħḁ].
|
developed into |
Persian خون khun
“blood” |
|
|
*kruh₂- [kɾʊħḁ] |
also developed into |
Northern Kurdish xwîn khwin
“blood” |
|
|
Variant form *kreuh₂- [kɾeʊħ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek κρέας kreas
“flesh” |
|
|
*kreuh₂- [kɾeʊħ] |
also developed into |
Sanskrit क्रविस् kravis “raw
flesh” |
|
|
*krouh₂- [kɾoʊħḁ] |
also developed into |
Ukrainian кров krov “blood” |
reck(-less) |
comes from |
*h₂roh₁(ǵ )-eh₂- [ɐ̥ɾo:gɐ] “care” |
developed into |
Doric Greek ἀρωγά aroga,
Classical Greek ἀρωγή aroge
“aid”, related to ἀρήγω arego “I
help”
|
reckon (see “right”) |
also comes from |
*h₂roh₁(ǵ )-eh₂- [ɐ̥ro:gɐ]. Possibly
from *h₃rēǵ-
[ŏ̥reg] “to straighten, direct” (according to Beekes). *h₃rēǵ- |
developed into |
Ancient
Greek ὀρέγω orego “I
reach out” |
|
|
*h₃rēǵ- |
also developed into |
Persian راست rast
“straight, right” |
red |
comes from |
*h₁roudʰ- [hroʊdʱ]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit रुधिर rudhira
|
|
|
*h₁roudʰ- [hroʊdʱ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός eruthrós |
|
|
Variant form *h₁reudʰ- [hrəʊdʱ] |
also developed into |
Latvian [h]ruds |
reek |
comes from |
*h₁reug- [ɘ̥rɛʊg] “belch”
|
developed into |
Persian اروغ arog
“belch” |
|
|
*h₁reug- [ɘ̥rɛʊg] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι ereúgomai
“belch, vomit” |
|
|
*h₁reug- [ɘ̥rɛʊg] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian raugėti
“belch” |
rib |
comes from |
*h₁rebʰ- [hreɛbʱ] |
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian rebro |
|
|
*h₁rebʰ- [hreɛbʱ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἐρέφω erepho
“roof” |
right (see “reckon”) |
comes from |
*h₃reǵ-to- [ŏregtʰo]. The related form *h₃rēǵ-h₃ón-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit राजन् raajan,
राजा raja
“king, ruler” |
|
|
*h₃rēǵ- “to
direct” |
also developed into |
Persian راست rast
“straight, right” |
|
|
*h₃rēǵ- “to
direct” |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ὀρέγω orego
“I reach out” |
root |
comes
from |
*urd-i-.
The related form *ured-
|
developed into |
Persian ریشه risheh |
rush
(reed) |
comes
from |
*resg [rezg]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit रज्जु rajju “rope” |
salt |
comes from |
*sh₂-l-os [salos]
|
developed into |
Bosnian so |
|
|
*seh₂l-s |
developed into |
Latvian sāls |
|
|
*seh₂l-s |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἅλς hals |
salve |
comes from |
*solp-.
The related form *selp-
|
developed into |
Ossetian царв tsarv
“clarified butter” |
same (US Female)
(see “some“) |
comes
from |
*somH-o- [somo]
|
developed into |
Persian هم ham “also” |
same (UK Male) |
from |
*somH-o- [somo] |
|
|
sang (see “sing”, “song”) |
comes from |
*songʷʰ-o-,
derived from *sengʷʰ-e- "sing" |
developed into |
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 sanghai “to narrate” |
sat (see “sit”) |
comes
from |
*sod-,
derived
from *sed- |
developed into |
Sanskrit सीदति sidati |
say |
comes
from |
*sokʷ-eie.
The related form *sekʷ-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit सच् sach- |
sear,
sere |
comes from |
*h₂sous- [ɑ̥sous], [ħsous]
|
developed into |
Persian خشک hoshk “dry” |
|
|
*h₂sous- [ɑ̥sous], [ħsous] |
also developed into |
Latvian sauss “dry” |
|
|
*h₂sous- [ɑ̥sous], [ħsous] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian sausas
“dry” |
seat (see “sit”) |
comes
from |
*se:d-i-,
a form of *sed- |
developed into |
Sanskrit सीदति sidati |
seed (see “sow”) |
comes from |
*seh₁-to- [se:to]. The stem *seh₁- [se:] |
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian sijati siyati
“to sow” |
|
|
The derived form *seh₁-mn [se:mn̩] |
developed into |
Latin semen “seed” |
|
|
*seh₁-mn [se:mn̩] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἧμᾰ hema |
sell |
comes from |
*solh₁-éie-.
The related form *sl̥h₁- |
(perhaps) developed into |
Bosnian,
Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian slati
“to send” |
|
|
The related form *selh₁- |
developed into |
Ancient Greek ἑλεῖν helein |
set (see “nest”, “sit”) |
comes
from |
*sed-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit सीदति sidati |
seven |
comes from |
*septm
|
developed into |
Sanskrit सप्तन् saptan |
|
|
*septm |
also developed into |
Persian هفت haft |
sew |
comes
from |
*syuh₁- [sju:]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit सीव्यति sivyati |
|
|
*syuh₁- [sju:] |
also developed into |
Urdu سینا siina |
|
|
*syuh₁- [sju:] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian siūti |
shear (see “harrow”) |
comes from |
*s-ker-.
The derived form *ker-mn |
developed into |
Persian چرم charm “leather” |
shoot |
comes from |
*s-keud-.
The derived form *skud-to-s
|
developed into |
Persian چست chost “quick” |
|
|
The root *keud-
|
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian kidati
“to tear/break” |
shove |
comes from |
*s-keubʰ-.
The related form *ks(e)ubʰ-
|
developed into |
Persian آشوب aashub “chaos” |
show |
comes from |
*s-keuh₁- [skou]. The derived form
*kouh₁-is [ko:his]
|
developed into |
Marathi कवि kavi “poet”
|
|
|
*kouh₁- |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek κοέω koeo
“be aware of” |
sing (see “sang”, “song”)
|
comes from |
*sengʷʰ-e-
|
developed into |
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 sanghai “narrate” |
sister |
comes from |
*swesor-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्वसृ svasr |
|
|
*swesor- |
also developed into |
Persian خواهر khohar |
sit (see “set”) |
comes
from |
*sed-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit सीदति sidati |
six |
comes
from |
*sweḱs
|
developed into |
Pashto شپږ shpag,
southern dialect shpazh |
|
|
*sweḱs |
also developed into |
Persian شش shesh, shish |
small |
comes from |
*smol-
|
developed into |
Bosnian malo |
smile |
comes from |
*smei-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्मयते smayate |
smirk |
also comes from |
*smei-
|
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian smejati
|
smoke |
comes from |
*smeugh-e [smoʊg̟ʱe]
|
developed into |
Armenian մուխ mukh |
snow |
comes from |
*snéigʷʰ-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्नेह sneha
“moisture, oiliness” |
|
|
*snéigʷʰ- |
also developed into |
Lithuanian sniegas |
some (see “same“) |
comes
from |
*smH-o- [sm:o],
a form of *somH-o- [somo], which |
developed into |
Persian هم ham “also” |
son |
comes from |
*suh₁-nus [su:nus]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit सूनु sunu
|
|
|
*suh₁-nus [su:nus] |
continued almost unchanged into |
Lithuanian sūnus |
song (see “sang”, “sing”) |
comes from |
*songʷʰ-o-,
derived from *sengʷʰ-e- “sing,
intone” |
developed into |
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 sanghai “to narrate” |
soot (see “sit”) |
comes
from |
*so:d-o-,
a derived form of *sed-. *so:d-o- |
developed into |
Ukrainian сажа sazha
|
sore |
comes from |
*sh₂ei-ro- [sairo], a form of *sh₂ei- [sai] “afflict, bind” |
developed into |
Ossetian хид khid
“bridge” |
sorry |
also comes from |
*sh₂ei-ro- [sairo]. *sh₂ei- [sai] |
also developed into
|
Latvian saiklis
“string, band, connection” |
sorrow |
comes from |
*surgʰ-eh₂- [surgʱa]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit सूर्क्षति surkshati “worry”
|
|
|
*surgʰ-eh₂- [surgʱa] |
also developed into |
Archaic Bulgarian срага sraga |
sour |
comes from |
*súh₁-ro- [su:ro]
|
developed into |
Siraiki شور shor,
Persian شور shur “salty” |
|
|
*súh₁-ro- [su:ro] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian sūris
“cheese” |
|
|
*súh₁-ro- [su:ro] |
also developed into |
Bosnian sir “cheese” |
sow (see “swine”) |
comes
from
|
*suh₁-.
The derived form *suh₁-kas |
developed into |
Balochi ہوک huuk “pig”
|
|
|
*suh₁- |
developed into |
Ancient Greek ὗς hüs |
|
|
*suh₁- |
developed into |
Latin sus |
to sow (see “seed”) |
comes
from |
*seh₁- [se:] |
developed into |
Slovenian sejati seyati |
|
|
*seh₁- |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian sijati siyati |
spare
(extra, excess)
|
comes from |
*sph̥₁-ro- [spɘro]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्फिर sphira
“fat, thick” |
|
|
The full form *speh₁-ro- [spɘ:ro] |
developed into |
Ancient Greek σπαρνός sparnós,
Modern Greek σπανός spanós |
|
|
*speh₁-ro- [spɘ:ro] |
also developed into |
Latin spes |
spark (see “spring”) |
comes from |
*s-pérgʰ- [spɘrgʱ] |
developed into |
Pashto سپرغۍ sparghay
|
|
|
The related form *pérgʰ- [pɘrgʱ]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit पर्जन्य Parjanya “(god of) rainfall”, Marathi Parzhanya |
Icelandic Fjörgynn,
a thunder god
|
also comes from
|
*pérǵʰ- [pɘrgʱ] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian Perkūnas
“(god of) thunder” |
spell |
comes from |
*spel-o-
|
developed into |
Armenian առասպել arraspel
“myth, legend” |
spew |
comes from |
*spti̯eu̯h₁- [sptju:]
|
developed into |
Persian تف tuf “spit” |
|
|
*spti̯eu̯h₁- [sptju:] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek πτύω ptuo
“spit out” |
spring (see “spark”) |
comes from |
*spré-n-gʰ-e-,
derived from *sprégʰ-, a variant of *s-pérgʰ-
[spɘrgʱ].
Another variant, *s-prgʰ- |
developed into |
Sanskrit स्फूर्ज sphurja
“be eager, strive after, desire” |
|
|
*s-prgʰ- |
also developed into |
Pashto sprəž sprazh
“blossom” |
staff (see “stand”) |
comes from |
*sth₂-bʰo- [stɐbʰo] |
developed into |
Persian ستبر setabr “thick, stout”
|
|
|
*sth₂-bʰo- [stɐbʰo] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian stãbas “pole,
idol” |
|
|
*sth₂-bʰo- [stɐbʰo] |
also developed into |
Bulgarian стобор stobor “picket
fence, paling”
|
stair |
comes from |
*stéiǵʰ-e-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्तिघ्नोति stighnoti
“step up”
|
|
|
*stéiǵʰ-e- |
also developed into |
Ukrainian стигнути stizhnuti |
|
|
*stéiǵʰ-e- |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian dostignuti
“catch up” |
|
|
*stéiǵʰ-e- |
also developed into |
Albanian shteg
“path” |
stake (see “thatch”) |
comes from |
*s-teg-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्थगति sthagati
“to cover” |
|
|
*s-teg- |
further developed into |
Punjabi ਠੱਗ thag “rogue,
cheat”. Borrowed into English
as thug. |
stall (see “stand”) |
comes from |
*sth₂-dʰlo- [stɐdʱlo] |
developed into |
Hindi स्थल sthal “floor,
raised platform, hill” |
stand (see “staff”) |
comes from |
*sth₂-énti [stɐnti], derived from *steh₂- [steɐħ], which
|
developed into |
Persian ایستادن istaadan “stand up” |
|
|
*sth₂-énti [stɐnti] |
also developed into |
Ukrainian стати stati “become” |
star (see “ash”) |
comes from |
*h₂s-tér-on- [ɐstéron], derived from *h₂stér [ħɐ̥stér], which |
developed into |
Balochi اِستار istar |
|
|
*h₂stér |
also developed into |
Northern (Kurmanji) Kurdish astirə |
|
|
*h₂stér |
also developed into |
Persian ستاره sitare |
|
|
*h₂stér |
also developed into |
Pashtoستوری
storay |
|
|
*h₂stér |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ἀστήρ aster |
|
|
*h₂stér |
also developed into |
Armenian աստղ astr |
stead (see “stall”, “stand”) |
comes from |
*sth₂-tí-,
derived from *stéh₂-ti-, which
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्थिति sthiti “standing,
residence, situation” |
|
|
*stéh₂-ti- |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek στάσις stasis
“standing, place, condition” |
steer (see “stall”, “stand”) |
comes from |
*stéh₂-ur [stɐ:r], earlier [steħʊr] (from *stéh₂-) ~ *sth₂-ur “pole” |
developed into |
Persian ستون sutuun
“column” |
summer |
comes from |
*semh₁- [sɘmħɐ̥]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit समा samaa |
|
|
*semh₁- [sɘmħɐ̥] |
also developed into |
Armenian ամառ amar |
sun |
comes from |
*séh₂un-
[sɑʊɵn],
a variant of *séh₂ul- [sɐʊɫ]. The derived form *sóh₂wl̩ [sɒʊɫ] |
developed into |
Sanskrit स्वर् svar |
|
|
*sóh₂wl̩ |
further developed into |
Urdu سورج suraj |
|
|
*sóh₂wl̩ |
also developed into |
Persian خور khor
“sunrise, east”, as in the place-name خراسان Khorasan
“Eastern Province” |
swear (see “answer”) |
comes from |
*s-wór- [swor]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्वर svara
“voice, sound, vowel” |
|
|
|
also developed into |
Ukrainian свари́ти swariti
“argue, berate” |
sweat |
comes from |
*swoid-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्वेदते sveedate
|
|
|
*swoid- |
also developed into |
Balochi ہید hed |
|
|
*swoid- |
also developed into |
Iron Ossetian хид khid
|
sweet |
comes from |
*sweh₂d-u-s [swa:dus]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit स्वादु swaadu |
|
|
*sweh₂d-u-s [swa:dus] |
also developed into |
Balochi واد waad
“salt” |
|
|
*sweh₂d-u-s [swa:dus] |
also developed into |
Latin suavis,
borrowed into English as suave |
swine (see “sow”) |
comes from |
*suh₁-īno- [su:hi:no], derived from *suh₁-. Another derived form, *suh₁-kas |
developed into |
Balochi ہوک huuk “pig”
|
|
|
*suh₁-kas |
also developed into |
Persian خوک khuuch |
tame |
comes
from |
*dem-
|
developed into |
Persian دام dam
“livestock” |
|
|
*dem- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit दाम्यति damyati |
to tear |
comes
from |
*derH-
|
developed into |
Persian دریدن daridan “ravage” |
ten (see “hundred”) |
comes
from |
*déḱm̩-
|
developed into |
Proto-Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit दश dasha
|
|
|
*déḱm̩- |
also developed into |
Iron Ossetian dash |
|
|
*déḱm̩- |
also developed into |
Digor Ossetian дæс das and
Urdu دس das
|
|
|
*déḱm̩- |
also developed into |
Pashto las |
|
|
*déḱm̩- |
also developed into
|
Old Persian *daθa datha
|
|
|
*déḱm̩- |
also developed into |
Balochi dah and
Persian dah |
|
|
The suffixed form *déḱm̩-t- |
developed into |
Lithuanian dešimt |
|
|
*déḱm̩-t- |
also developed into
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian deset |
that |
comes
from |
*tod
|
developed into |
Sanskrit तद् tad |
thatch (see “stake”) |
comes from |
*teg-.
The related form *s-teg- |
developed into |
Punjabi ਠੱਗ thag “rogue,
cheat”. Borrowed into English
as thug.
|
thee (see “thou”) |
comes from |
*te-ge, derived from *tu-ǵe, derived from *tuh₂ [tuɐħ].
The inflected form *tuh₂-om [tuaom] |
developed into |
Sanskrit त्वम् twam |
there |
comes
from |
*tor
|
developed into |
Sanskrit तर्हि tarhi |
thin |
comes from |
*tn̥h₂-u-
[tn̩̩:u]. Inflected form *tn̥h₂-u-kos
|
developed into |
Balochi تنک tanak “narrow”
|
|
|
*tn̥h₂-u-kos |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian tanak |
|
|
*tn̥h₂-u-kos |
also developed into |
Persian تنگ tang |
third |
comes from |
*tri-tih₁o- [triti:o], from earlier [triti:ho] |
developed into |
Sanskrit तृतीय trtiya
|
thirst |
comes from |
*tr̥s-tu. A different
inflected form, *tr̥s-no-,
|
developed into |
Persian تشنگی teshne
“thirsty” |
|
|
*tr̥s-no- |
also developed into |
Balochi تُنَّگ tunnag
“frog, thirsty one” |
thistle |
comes from |
*s-teig
|
developed into |
Persian تیز tiiz,
borrowed into Urdu
تیز tiiz |
thorn |
comes from |
*trno
[tr̩nõ]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit तृण trnam
|
|
|
*trno |
also developed into |
Bosnian trn |
thorough (see “through”) |
comes from |
*terh₂-kʷe [terɐ̥kwe], from *terh₂-. The derived form *trh₂-
[trħa] |
developed into |
Sanskrit तिरस् tiras
|
thou (see “thee”) |
comes
from |
*tuh₂ [tuɐ],
from earlier [tuɐ̥], [tuħ] |
developed into |
Tajik ту tu,
Persian تو tu |
three |
comes from |
*trei-.
The masculine nominative form *trei-es
|
developed into |
Sanskrit त्रयस् trayas
|
|
|
*trei- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit त्रि tri
|
|
|
*trei- |
also developed into |
Romani trin |
|
|
*trei- |
also developed into |
Sindhi ٽي te |
|
|
*trei- |
also developed into |
Balochi سے se |
through (see “thorough”) |
comes from |
*terh₂-kʷe [terɐ̥kwe], from *terh₂-. The derived form *trh₂-
[trħa]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit तिरस् tiras
|
|
|
*trh₂-nts, suffixed form of *trh₂ [trħa] |
developed into |
Latin trans |
thunder |
comes from |
*tenh₂-
[tenɐ̥]
|
developed into |
Persian تندر tondar
|
|
|
Prefixed form *s-tenh₂- [stenɐ] |
developed into |
Ancient and Modern Greek στενάζω stenazo
“groan” |
tide (see “time”) |
comes from |
*dh₂i-tí- [dɐití], a form of *dh₂i- [dɐi]
|
developed into |
Albanian ditë
|
timber |
comes from |
*dem-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit दम dama “house” |
time (see “tide”) |
comes from |
*dh₂i-mon
[dɐimon],
a form of *dh₂i- [dɐi] |
developed into |
Kurdish dem |
to |
comes
from |
*do
|
is the same as |
Bosnian do |
tomorrow (see “morn”, “morrow”) |
comes from |
*mrk [mr̩:k] |
developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian, and Slovenian mrak
“dark, dusk” |
tongue
[tʌŋ] |
comes from |
*dnǵweh₂ [dn̩gwɐħ]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit जिह्वा jihvaa |
tongue
[tɒŋ] |
comes from |
*dnǵweh₂ [dn̩gwɐħ] |
also developed into |
Romani chib |
|
|
*dnǵweh₂ [dn̩gwɐħ] |
also developed into |
Pashto ژبه zhaba |
|
|
*dnǵweh₂ [dn̩gwɐħ] |
also developed into |
Latin lingua |
tooth |
comes from |
*h₁dónt- (Ringe) or *h₃dónt- (Kroonen) [ɵ̥dont]
|
developed into
|
Ancient Greek ὀδόντος odontos
|
|
|
*h₁dónt- |
also developed into |
Lithuanian dantu |
|
|
*h₁dónt- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit दन्त danta |
|
|
*h₁dónt- |
also developed into |
Siraiki dand |
|
|
*h₁dónt- |
also developed into |
Romani dan |
tree |
comes
from |
*drew
[drəʊ],
a
variant of *doru, which
|
developed into |
Balochi دار daar |
true |
also
comes from |
*drew
[drəʊ] |
|
|
two |
comes
from |
*dwóh₁-
[dwoh]
|
developed into |
Pashto دوه duwa
(slow, careful pronunciation) |
|
|
*dwóh₁- |
also developed into |
Balochi دو doo,
Urdu دو doo |
|
|
*dwóh₁- |
also developed into |
Romani dui |
under |
comes from |
*ndʰér
[n̩dʱér]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit अधर adhara |
up (see “over”) |
comes
from |
*h₁upo
[hupo], from earlier *supo. *h₁upo |
developed into |
Sanskrit उप upa,
which further developed into Urdu اوپر uper
|
wain |
comes
from |
*woǵʰ-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit वह्नि vahni “team of draft
animals” |
wag(g)on |
also comes from |
*woǵʰ-
|
|
|
wake |
comes from |
*uh₂ǵ-e-
[wagə]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit वाज vaaja “strength,
vigour” |
|
|
*uh₂ǵ-e- |
also developed into |
Persian بزرگ buzurg “large, big,
great” |
warm |
comes from |
*gʷʰor-mo-
|
developed into |
Sanskrit घर्म gharma-,
which further developed into Urdu گرم garam |
was (see “were”) |
comes
from |
*h₂wés- [ħwes]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit सति vasati |
|
|
*h₂wés- [ħwes] |
also developed into |
ProtoHellenic awesa,
which developed into Ancient Greek ἄεσα aesa “I
slept” |
wasp (see “web”) |
comes
from |
*h₁wobʰ-seh₂,
derived from *h₁webʰ-, which |
developed into |
Balochi گْوَپت gwap “weave” |
water (see “otter”, “wet”) |
comes from |
*wodr,
variant
of *wodn,
from the root *wed. The derived form *wedns
|
developed into |
Sanskrit उदन् udan
|
wax (to grow; see “eke”)
|
comes from |
*h₂wég-s- [ħwegs]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit वक्ष् vaksh-,
in e.g. vakshayati |
|
|
*h₂wég-s- [ħwegs] |
also developed into |
Persian وخش vakhsh |
we |
comes
from |
*wey
|
developed into |
Sanskrit वयम् vayam |
wear |
comes
from |
*wos,
derived
from *wes,
which
|
developed into |
Sanskrit वस्ते vaste |
weave (see “wasp”) |
comes from |
*h₁webʰ-
|
developed into |
Pashto اوبدل obdal |
web
|
also comes from
|
*h₁webʰ- |
also developed into |
Balochi گْوَپت gwap
“weave” |
|
|
*h₁webʰ- |
also developed into |
Persian بافتن baaftan “weave” |
|
|
*h₁webʰ- |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ὑφή huphe |
wed |
comes from |
*h₁wedʰ- [ə̥wedʰ] |
developed into |
Sanskrit वधू vadhu |
weigh |
comes from |
*wéǵʰ- [weg̟ʰ]
|
developed into |
Balochi and Persian پرواز parwaz
“flight” |
|
|
*wéǵʰ- [weg̟ʰ] |
also developed into |
Sanskrit वहति vahati “to
convey” |
|
|
*wéǵʰ- [weg̟ʰ] |
further developed into |
Urdu بہنا behna “to flow” |
were (see “was”) |
comes from |
*h₂wés- [ɐ̥wes] |
developed into |
Sanskrit सति vasati |
were(wolf) (see “wolf”) |
comes from |
*wih₁ro- [ʋi:ɾo] |
developed into |
Sanskrit वीर vira |
|
|
*wih₁ro- [ʋi:ɾo] |
further developed into |
Hindi वीर vir |
west |
comes from |
*wekʷsperos.
*wekʷsper-
|
developed into |
Bosnian večer vecher
|
wet (see “otter”, “water”) |
comes
from |
*wed.
The derived form *wed-ns |
developed into |
Sanskrit उदन् udan
“water” |
what |
comes
from |
*kʷod
|
developed into |
Sanskrit कद् kad
|
wheat (see “white”) |
comes from |
*ḱwoid,
derived from *ḱweid-, a form of *ḱʷeit- |
developed into |
Persian سفید sefid |
wheel (see “cycle”) |
comes from |
*kʷel-
“move around” |
developed into |
Ukrainian
колесо koleso “wheel”
|
|
|
*kʷel- |
also developed into |
Hindi चलते chalte “walk” |
|
|
*kʷel- |
also developed into |
Sanskrit चरति charati “walk” |
|
|
*kʷel- |
also developed into |
Persian چریدن charidan “graze” |
where |
comes from |
*kʷor
|
developed into |
Sanskrit कर्हि karhi |
whether |
comes from |
*kʷóteros
[kwótero] |
developed into |
Sanskrit कतर katara |
while |
comes from |
*kʷih₁- [kʷi:],
derived from *kʷieh₁- [kʷie:]. The extended
form *kʷieh₁-to- [kʷie:to] |
developed into |
Persian شاد shad “happy” |
white (see “wheat”) |
comes from |
*ḱʷeid-,
a form of *ḱʷeit- |
developed into |
Persian سفید sefid |
who |
comes
from |
*kʷó-
[kwo] |
developed into |
Kurdish kî
|
|
|
*kʷó- [kwo] |
also developed into |
Ossetian чи chi |
whole (see “hale”) |
comes from |
*koi-lo-
|
developed into |
Bosnian cijelo
“all” |
wide (see “widow”) |
comes from |
*h₁weidʰh₁- [hweidʰə] |
developed into
|
Latvian vidus
|
widow (see “wide”) |
comes from |
*h₁widʰh₁-uh₂- [hwidʰəwaħ] |
developed into |
Hindi विधवा vidhva |
|
|
*h₁widʰh₁-uh₂- [hwidʰəwaħ]
|
also developed into |
Ukrainian удова udova |
will |
comes
from |
*wel- [wel]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit वृणोति vrnoti |
(the) wind |
comes from |
*h₂weh₁-nt- [ɐwent], earlier [ħwent] |
developed into |
Sanskrit वाति vata
|
|
|
*h₂weh₁-nt- [ɐwent] |
also developed into |
Persian باد bad |
|
|
*h₂weh₁-nt- [ɐwent] |
also developed into |
Balochi گوات gwaat |
|
|
The stem *h₂weh₁- [ɐwe:] |
developed into |
Ancient Greek ἄημι aemi |
-wise
(manner) |
comes from |
*weid- [weɪd]
|
developed into |
Hindi वेद ved |
wit |
comes
from |
*wid- [wi:d]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit वेद veda |
wolf (see “were(wolf)”) |
comes
from |
*wĺ̥kʷ- [wl̩kʷ]
|
developed into |
Slovak vlk
|
|
|
*wĺ̥kʷ- [wl̩kʷ] |
also developed into |
Bosnian vuk |
|
|
*wĺ̥kʷ- [wl̩kʷ] |
also developed into |
Lithuanian vilkas |
|
|
*wĺ̥kʷ- [wl̩kʷ] |
also developed into |
Sanskrit वृक vrka |
|
|
*wĺ̥kʷ- [wl̩kʷ] |
also developed into |
Zazaki verg |
|
|
*wĺ̥kʷ- [wl̩kʷ] |
also developed into |
Persian گرگ gorg |
wool |
comes from |
*wl̥h́₁-neh₂- [wl̩énaħ]
|
developed into |
Pashto وړين waren |
|
|
*wl̥h́₁-neh₂- [wl̩énaħ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek λῆνος lenos |
|
|
Stress variant *wĺ̥h₁-neh₂- [wl̩naħ] |
also developed into |
Sanskrit ऊर्णा uurna |
|
|
*wĺ̥h₁-neh₂- [wl̩naħ] |
further developed into |
Urdu اون
uun
|
|
|
*wĺ̥h₁-neh₂- [wl̩naħ] |
also developed into |
Macedonian волна volna |
|
|
*wĺ̥h₁-neh₂- [wl̩naħ] |
also developed into |
Latvian vilna |
|
|
*wĺ̥h₁-neh₂- [wl̩naħ] |
also developed into |
Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian vuna |
word |
comes from |
*wr̥h₁t- [wɹ̩e̥tʰ] |
developed into |
Sanskrit and Hindi व्रत vrat
|
|
|
*wr̥h₁t- [wɹ̩e̥tʰ] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ῥητός rhetos |
work |
comes
from |
*wr̥ǵ- [wɹ̩g̟̊]
|
developed into |
Persian ورز varz |
|
|
*wr̥ǵ- [wɹ̩g̟̊] |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek ϝέργον wergon |
worm |
comes
from |
*kʷr̥mis-
[kwɹ̩m] |
developed into |
Urdu کِرم kirm
|
|
|
*kʷr̥mis- [kwɹ̩m] |
also developed into |
Latvian ķirmis |
yard |
comes from |
*gʰordʰ-o- |
developed into |
Persian کرت chart |
|
|
*gʰordʰ-os
|
also developed into |
Lithuanian gardas |
|
|
*gʰordʰ-os |
also developed into |
Ancient Greek χόρτος khortos |
year |
comes from |
*yeh₁-ro- [je:ɾɵ]
|
developed into |
Bosnian jar yar |
|
|
*yeh₁-ro- [je:ɾɵ] |
also developed into |
Persian دچار doch-yar
“bad year, famine” |
yearn |
comes from |
*ǵʰerh₁-no-
[g̟ɦar].
A related form, *ǵʰr̩-yé-ti, |
developed into |
Sanskrit हर्यति haryati |
yeast |
comes from |
*yes-tu-
[jestʰu̥]
|
developed into |
Persian جوشیدن jushidan |
yellow (see “gold”) |
comes from
|
The stem, *ǵʰelh₃- [g̟ʱel—], |
developed into |
Persian
زرد zard |
|
|
*ǵʰelh₃- [g̟ʱel—] |
also developed into |
Bosnian zelena
“green” |
|
|
*ǵʰelh₃-wos [g̟ʱelʋus] |
also developed into |
Latin helvus “yellow” |
yoke |
comes
from |
*yug-o- [jugo]
|
developed into |
Persian یوغ yog
|
you |
comes
from |
*yu(H)-e [iuɦe]
|
developed into |
Sanskrit यूयम् yuyam |
young |
comes from |
*h₂yuh₁n-ḱós [ɐju:ŋkos].
*h₂yuh₁n- [ɐju:n]-
|
developed into |
Persian جوان javon
|