PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS TUTORIAL TOPICS
AND READING LIST
In each case, read at least some of the *'ed paper(s) and pick one of the
essays to write, where there is more than one option. Titles in red are reprinted in J. A. Goldsmith
(ed.) (1999) Phonological Theory: The Essential Readings,
and are referred to by chapter thus: [G12] is chapter 12.
A. PHONOLOGY
Phonology topic 1: Segmentation
Essay
Question: "To what extent is it reasonable to regard speech as
consisting of a sequence of discrete segments?"
Foundations
- Jakobson, R. (1949) On the identification of phonemic entities. In
his Selected Writings, vol.
1, 418-425.
- Martinet, A. (1949) Phonology as
Functional Phonetics. Publications of the Philological
Society XV.
Problems
- Firth, J. R. (1948) Sounds and Prosodies. Transactions
of the Philological Society 1948, as well as widely
anthologized. E.g. in Firth's Papers
in Linguistics 1934-1951.
- Goldsmith, J. (1976) An
overview of Autosegmental Phonology. [G8] A revised version
of chapter 1 of Goldsmith's (1976) PhD thesis, Autosegmental
Phonology.
A recent
contribution
- Caramazza, A., D. Chialant, R. Capasso and G. Micelli (2000)
Separable processing of consonants and vowels. Nature
403, 428-430. Available in
electronic format through the Bodleian website.
Phonology topic 2: Classification
Essay Question: Compare and
constrast the approaches to the classification of EITHER vowels OR
consonants in the IPA vs. generative phonology.
Readings
- Handbook of the International
Phonetic Association.
- On vowels: D. Jones (1918 etc) An
outline
of English Phonetics, chapter VIII.
- N. Chomsky and M. Halle (1968) The
Sound
Pattern of English, chapter 7.
Phonology topic 3: Cyclicity
Foundations
- Brame, M. (1974) The cycle in
phonology: stress in Palestinian, Maltese, and Spanish. [G4] Linguistic Inquiry
5,
- Chung, S. (1983) Transderivational relationships in Chamorro
phonology. Language 59 (1), 35-66.
Overview
- *Cole, J. (1994) The cycle in phonology. In J. Goldsmith, ed. Handbook
of
Phonological Theory. Blackwell.
Critics
- Cole, J. S. and J. Coleman (1992) No need for cyclicity in generative
phonology. In J. M. Denton, G. P. Chan and C. P. Canakis, CLS 28: Papers
from the 28th Regional Meeting ofthe Chicago Linguistic Society Vol.
2: The Parasession. The Cycle in Linguistic Theory. 36-50.
- Szpyra, J. (1992) Ghost segments in nonlinear phonology: Polish yers.
Language 68 (2), 277-312.
- Inkelas, S. (1993) Deriving cyclicity. Phonetics and Phonology 4:
Studies in Lexical Phonology. 75-110.
- Cole, J. (1995) Eliminating cyclicity as a source of complexity
in phonology. In J. Cole, G. M. Green and J. L. Morgan, eds. Linguistics
and
Computation. CSLI publications. 255-279.
Essay question: Critically appraise the hypothesis that some
phonological rules apply cyclically.
Phonology topic 4: Lexical phonology and morphology
Starting points
- Kiparsky, P. (1982) From Cyclic Phonology
to Lexical Phonology. [G3]. In H.
van der Hulst and N. Smith, eds. The
Structure of Phonological Representations, Part I, 131-175.
- *Kaisse, M. and P. A. Shaw (1985) On the theory of Lexical
Phonology. Phonology Yearbook 2,1-30. [Overview.]
Development
- *Booij, G. and J. Rubach (1984) Morphological and prosodic domains in
Lexical Phonology. Phonology Yearbook 1, 1-27. [Short.]
- Kiparsky, P. (1985) Some consequences of Lexical Phonology. Phonology
Yearbook
2, 85-138.
- Rubach, J. (1985) Lexical Phonology: lexical and postlexical
derivations. Phonology Yearbook
2, 157-172. [Short.]
Application to English
- Halle, M. and K. P. Mohanan (1985) Segmental phonology of modern
English. Linguistic Inquiry
16 (1), 57-116. [Long.]
Essay questions
- According to Halle and Mohanan (1985), how are the phonological rules
of English ordered? On what evidence?
- What good is the theory of Lexical Phonology?
- Are morphological and metrical structures sufficient to account for
the phonology of words?
Phonology topic 5: Metrical phonology of English
Foundations
- *Liberman, M. and A. Prince (1977) On stress
and linguistic rhythm. [G20] Linguistic Inquiry 8 (2),
249-336. [Long]
Development
- Kiparsky, P. (1979) Metrical structure assignment is cyclic. Linguistic
Inquiry 10 (3), 421-441.
- Selkirk, E. O. (1980) The role of prosodic categories in English word
stress. Linguistic Inquiry 11 (3), 563-605.
- Hayes, B. (1982) Extrametricality and English stress. Linguistic
Inquiry 13 (2) 227-276.
- Booij, G. E. (1983) Principles and parameters in prosodic phonology. Linguistics
21, 249-280.
- Halle, M. (1989) On stress placement and metrical structure. In C.
Wiltshire, R. Graczyk and B. Music (eds.) CLS 25: Papers from the
25th Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Part
One: The General Session. 157-173. [Fairly easy; recommended if
you're interested in Indo-European accentuation.]
- McCarthy, J. and A. Prince (1986) Generalized
alignment. [G7] In G. Booij and J.
van Marle, eds. Yearbook
of Morphology, 1993.
Essay title: How is English lexical stress determined, according
to the theory of Metrical Phonology?
Phonology topic 6: Syllables and moras
Foundations
- Pike, K. L. and E. V. Pike
(1947) Immediate constituents of Mazateco syllables. [G16] International
Journal
of American Linguistics
13, 78-91.
- Fudge, E. C. (1969) Syllables. [G19]
Journal of Linguistics 5, 253-286.
- *Selkirk, E. O.
(1982) The syllable. [G17] In
H. van der Hulst and N. Smith, eds. The
Structure
of Phonological Representations, Part II. Dordrecht:
Foris.
- Clements, G. N. and S. J. Keyser (1983) (Extract
from) CV Phonology: A generative theory of the syllable. [G10]
Chapter 1 and sections 3.2, 3.3,
3.4 and 3.6 of the 1983 book.
- *Hayes, B. (1995) Metrical Stress
Theory, section 3.9.
Development
- Hayes, B. (1989) Compensatory lengthening in
moraic phonology. [G18] Linguistic Inquiry 20,
253-306.
- Ito, J. (1989) A prosodic theory of epenthesis. Natural Language
and Linguistic Theory 7, 217-259.
English
- Myers, S. (1987) Vowel shortening in English. Natural Language
and Linguistic Theory 5, 485-518.
- Borowsky, T. (1989) Structure preservation and the syllable coda in
English. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7,
145-166.
Essay titles:
- What is the structure of syllables in English?
- What are syllables, and what is their internal structure?
Phonology 7: Psycholinguistic evidence for syllable structure
- Meyer, A. S. (1991) The time course of phonological encoding in
language production: phonological encoding inside a syllable. Journal
of
Memory and Language 30, 69-89.
- *Pierrehumbert, J. and R. Nair (1995) Word games and syllable
structure. Language and Speech 38 (1), 77-114.
- Treiman, R. and B. Kessler (1995) In defense of an onset-rime
syllable structure for English. Language and Speech 38
(2), 127-142.
Essay question: Who is right, Pierrehumbert and Nair or Treiman and
Kessler?
Phonology 8: Autosegmental Phonology and Morphology
- Goldsmith, J. (1976) An overview of
Autosegmental Phonology. [G8] A revised version of chapter 1 of
Goldsmith's (1976) PhD thesis, Autosegmental
Phonology.
- McCarthy, J. (1981) A prosodic theory of
nonconcatenative morphology. [G9] Linguistic
Inquiry 12,
373-418.
- Prince, A. S. (1984) Phonology with
tiers. [G15] In M. Aronoff and R.
Oehrle, eds. Language Sound
Structure. MIT Press. 234-244.
- Clements, G. N. (1985) The geometry of
phonological features. [G11] Phonology Yearbook 2,
225-252.
More advanced, mainly illustrated via Japanese and Chinese:
Mary E. Beckman and Jennifer J. Venditti (2011) Intonation
(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444343069.ch15)
Chapter 15 of John Goldsmith, Jason Riggle and Alan C. L. Yu. Handbook of
Phonological Theory, 2nd edition.
Accessible online via SOLO, or directly from Wiley Online Library using
the link given above. You'll need to log in to the Wiley Online Library
portal, using "Institutional Access". Log in with Shibboleth. The
Federation is "UK Higher Education" (right at the bottom of the drop-down
list) and the Institution is "University of Oxford".
Phonology 9: Constraint-based approaches to phonology
Background
- Sommerstein, A. H. (1974) On
phonotactically motivated rules. [G5] Journal of Linguistics 10
- McCarthy, J. and A. Prince
(1986) Prosodic morphology. [G13]
Developments
- McCarthy, J. and A. Prince (1986) Generalized
alignment. [G7] In
G. Booij and J. van Marle, eds. Yearbook
of Morphology, 1993.
- Lakoff, G. (1993) Cognitive Phonology. In
J. Goldsmith, ed. The Last Phonological Rule: reflections on
constraints and derivations. 117-145.
- Scobbie, J. M., J. S. Coleman and S. Bird.
1996. Key Aspects of Declarative Phonology. In J. Durand and B. Laks,
eds. Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods. Volume
2. Salford: European Studies Research Institute, University of
Salford. 685-709. [Download in PDF format.]
B.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS
Phonetics/phonology topic 1: Gemination
Foundations
- Carnochan, J. (1957) Gemination in Hausa. In Studies in
Linguistic Analysis. Special volume of the Philological Society.
149-181.
- Palmer, F. R. (1957) Gemination in Tigrinya. In Studies in
Linguistic Analysis. 139-148.
- *Schein, B. and D. Steriade (1986) On geminates. Linguistic
Inquiry 17, 691-744.
Developments
- *Lahiri, A. and J. Hankamer (1988) The timing of geminate consonants.
Journal of Phonetics 16, 327-338.
- Smith, C. L. (1995) Prosodic patterns in the coordination of vowel
and consonant gestures. In B. Connell and A. Arvaniti, eds. Phonology
and
phonetic
evidence: papers in laboratory phonology IV. 205-222.
- *Local, J. and A. Simpson (1999) Phonetic implementation of
geminates in Malayalam nouns. Proceedings of the 14th International
Congress of Phonetic Sciences Vol. 1, 595-598. Downloads:
[ PDF | PostScript
]
Essay title: How can the view of gemination expressed by Schein and
Steriade and Lahiri and Hankamer be reconciled with Local and Simpson's
data?
Phonetics/phonology topic 2: Secondary articulation and
coarticulation
Foundations
- *Chomsky, N. and M. Halle (1968) The Sound Pattern of English, pages
305-6.
- Öhman, S. E. G. (1965) Coarticulation in VCV utterances:
spectrographic measurements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 39, 151-168.
- Whalen, D. H. (1990) Coarticulation is largely planned. Journal
of
Phonetics 18, 3-35.
Models
- *Kent, R. D. and F. D. Minifie (1977) Coarticulation in recent speech
production models. Journal of Phonetics 5, 115-133.
- *Browman, C. P. and L. Goldstein (1990) Tiers in articulatory
phonology, with some implications for casual speech.
- *Keating, P. A. (1990) The window model of
coarticulation: articulatory evidence. Both in J. Kingston and M.
E. Beckman, eds. Papers in Laboratory Phonology 1: Between the
Grammar and Physics of Speech. 341-376 and 451-470, respectively.
- Blackburn, C. S. and S. Young (2000) A self-learning
predictive model of articulator movements during speech production. Journal
of
the Acoustical Society of America 107, 1659-1670.
Seeking the limits of coarticulation
- Kelly, J. and J. Local (1989) Doing Phonology pp. 72-4, 88-9,
132, 212-6.
- Kelly, J. and J. Local (1986) Long domain resonance patterns in
English. International Conference on Speech Input/Output; Techniques
and Applications. 304-309.
- West P. (1999). The extent of coarticulation of English liquids: An
acoustic and articulatory study. Proceedings of the XIVth
International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Vol. 3, 1901-4.
- Heid, S. and
S. Hawkins (2000) An acoustical study of long domain /r/ and /l/
coarticulation.
Phonetics/phonology topic 3: The phonetics-phonology interface
Foundations
Development
Essay question:
"The data for the study of the articulatory as well as the acoustic aspect
of speech sounds can only be gathered from concrete speech events. In
contrast, the linguistic value of sounds to be examined by phonology are
abstract in nature. They are above all relations, oppositions,
etc., quite intangible things, which can be neither perceived nor studied
with the aid of the sense of hearing or touch." (Trubetzkoy 1969: 13.
English translation of Trubetzkoy 1939 Grundzüge der Phonologie,
cited by Coleman 1992: 21)
Assuming that Trubetzkoy is right, what specific mechanisms seem to be
necessary to relate phonological representations to phonetic
representations?
Phonetics/phonology topic 4: Theoretical
views on perceptual representations
- Liberman, A. M., F. S. Cooper, D. P. Shankweiler, and M.
Studdert-Kennedy (1967) Perception of the speech code. Psychological
Review 74 (6), 431-461. Available via SOLO or from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=ovfta&NEWS=N&AN=00006832-196711000-00001
[You may have to click on the login link labelled "Institutional" to get
in.]
- *Liberman, A. M., and I. G. Mattingley (1985) The motor theory of
speech perception revised. Cognition 21, 1-36. https://ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk:2095/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90021-6
- Papers by Lindblom, Stevens, Ohala and Fowler in Journal of the
Acoustical Society of America 99 (3):
Essay title: Summarise and critically appraise any TWO theories of
speech perception.
Phonetics/phonology topic 5: Phonetics and phonology in the mental
lexicon
- Ganong III, W. F., (1980) Phonetic categorization in auditory word
perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance 6 (1), 110-125. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=ovfta&NEWS=N&AN=00004788-198002000-00011
[You may have to click on the login link labelled "Institutional" to get
in.]
- Hooper, J. B. (1981) The empirical determination of phonological
representations. In T. Myers et al. (eds.) The cognitive
representation of speech. 347-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60210-1
[abstract -- see next reference instead for a more recent expression of
her ideas]
- Bybee, J. (2001) Phonology and language use. Cambridge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/oxford/reader.action?docID=201545.
Especially chapter 3.
- Kuhl, P. K. (1993). Innate predispositions and the effects of
experience in speech perception: The native language magnet theory. In
B. de Boysson-Bardies, S. de Schonen, P. Jusczyk, P. McNeilage, & J.
Morton, eds. Developmental neurocognition: Speech and face
processing in the first year of life (pp. 259-274). Dordrecht,
Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Download
from author's website
- Johnson, K. (1997) Speech perception without speaker normalization. In
K. Johnson and J. W. Mullenix, eds. Talker variability in speech
processing. 145-165. Download
from author's website
Some considerations regarding economy and storage size etc. for symbolic
vs. auditory memories:
Essay question: In what form are words represented in the mental
lexicon?