Moll and Daniloff (1971)

Bibliography

Henke, W. (1966) Dynamic articulatory model of speech production using computer simulation. MIT PhD dissertation. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/22396

Kozhevnikov, V. A. and L. A. Chistovich (1965) Speech: Articulation and Perception. English translation: U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Clearing House for Federal Scientific and Technical Information.

Moll, K. L. and R. G. Daniloff (1971) Investigation of the timing of velar movements during speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 50, 678-684.

Structure
 
See note below
Heading

1, 2
INTRODUCTION
Includes two hypotheses
3
I. PROCEDURES A. Subjects Conduct of the experiment
4

B. Speech Samples
5

C. Equipment and Procedures
6

D. Measurements and Data Analysis
7-10
II. RESULTS
Observations are reported
11, 12
III. DISCUSSION
Theoretical implications are drawn


Acknowledgements and references

1. Introduction: contrasts two models of coarticulation (two hypotheses):

  1. Kozhevnikov and Chistovich: CV units are minimal articulations; maximal coarticulation within this domain; minimum coarticulation between successive CV units.
  2. Henke: indepdendent phones plus a forward-scanning mechanism that can look ahead over several segments.
2. Moll and Daniloff cite their own earlier work on coarticulatory lip protrusion in English, anticipation over up to four consonants preceding a vowel. This paper tests the timing and extent of velar closure and opening (i.e. anticipatory or perseverative nasalization).

3. A homogenous pool of four subjects. Similar sex, age, physical condition, dialect.

4. A phonologically interesting set of segment sequences (table 1).

5. Technique: cinefluorographic films. Barium sulphate paste was smeared on the tongue and palate so that soft tissue would be visible on the film.

6. Analysis: frame-by-frame tracings of the images. Two distances, VM and VP were measured (Fig. 1).


 
 

7. For -CN- segment sequences, time of beginning of velar opening was noted. Velum opening begins just before or coincident with start of oral articulator movement toward the nasal, pro Henke, contra Kozhevnikov and Chistovich.

8. For -NC- clusters, movement toward velar closure (i.e. orality) began during the nasal consonant (Fig. 2).

9. For NVC sequences, velar closure began during the nasal or vowel (i.e. there was some carry-over).

10. In CVVN sequences, velar opening started at or before the beginning of tongue movement toward the first vowel. Anticipatory nasalizations over up to two vowels, even across a word boundary.

11. (10) is the main finding. It cannot be explained readily in the K-C model, but can be explained by Henke's model (Table II).

12. Wider discussion. Suggests a study of French as a profitable next step. Models assuming units larger than CV syllables might be consistent with these observations too. Perceptual significance of coarticulation has been noted by other researchers.