Ancient
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Sounds
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mixing
acoustic phonetics, statistics and comparative philology to
bring speech back from the past
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Phonetics
Laboratory
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Statistical
Laboratory |
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| What we are trying to do |
Audio
examples of Indo-European digits (n.b. under
construction; links to audio will be added gradually). All
recordings here are either original recordings of the University
of Oxford Phonetics Laboratory, or synthetic simulations, or
processed versions of online audio material on the public
internet, used under academic "fair use" provision of copyright
treaties.
|
People
Papers |
Key: ᴾ
= proxy recording (may be edited) from some other
language,
ᴴ
= synthetic hybrid, ⇧ = audio etymology. Upright
transcriptions use the International Phonetic Alphabet, with acute
to indicate higher pitch e.g. ó. Italic
transcriptions are in conventional spelling/normal orthography.
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| Presentations |
|
ISO639-3
code
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
Audio
demonstrations
Indo-European
digits database
|
Proto-Indo-European |
ine |
*hóinosᴾ,
*hóikos,
*hóiwos |
*dwoh ᴴ
*dwehᵒ |
*tréiesᴾ
|
*kʷetwóresᴴ
|
*pénkʷeᴴ |
*(k)swekʲsᴾ |
*septḿ
ᴾ |
*hokʲtó
ᴾ |
*hnewhm
(Perhaps [ənéuəm])
|
*dekʲm(t)
|
| Events/activities/blog |
Balkan |
Ancient
Greek grc |
οἴνη, ἕν
óine:, hɛnᴾ
|
⇧
δύο
dúoᴾ |
τρεῖς
treisᴾ |
τέσσαρες tét:aresᴾ,
tésares |
⇧
πέντε
pénteᴾ |
ἕξ
heksᴾ |
ἕπτα
heptáᴾ |
ὀκτώ
októᴾ |
ἐννέα
enéaᴾ |
δέκα
dékaᴾ
|
|
ell |
Modern
Greek ell |
ένα
ɛ́na
|
δύο
dío
⇧
ðío
|
τρία
tría
|
τέσσερα
tésera
|
πέντε
pénde, péde |
έξι
eks
éksi
|
επτά,
εφτά eptá
eftá
|
οκτώ,
οχτώ októ
oxtó
|
εννέα,
εννιά
enjá |
δέκα
ðéka
|
|
sqi
|
Albanian
sqi |
njə |
dy
|
tre
|
kɑ́təɹ
|
pe:s(ə) |
ʤaʃ(tə) |
ʃtat(ə)
|
tet(ə) |
nə́ntə |
ðíet(ə) |
|
hye
|
Armenian
hye |
մեկ
mek |
երկու
jerku |
երեք
*erteP
> jerek |
չորս
*tʃʰorkʰ
>
tʃʰors
|
հինգ
hiŋ
|
վեց
vets
|
յոթ
*ewtn >
jot
|
ութ
u:t |
ինը
i:nə |
տաս
das |
|
Indo-Iranian
ira |
Avestan
peo |
aēwō
|
dvaP |
θraio:
|
tʃaθva:ro: |
pantʃa
|
xʃvaʃ |
haptán
hapta
|
aʃt-əma
|
nava |
dasa |
|
W Iranian |
Tajik tgk
|
як
jak |
ду
du |
се
se
|
чор
tʃʰahór |
панҷ
pantʃ |
шаш
ʃaʃ |
ҳафт
haft
|
ҳашт
haʃt |
нўҳ
nuh
|
даҳ
dah
|
|
|
Kurdish
kur |
یهک
jɛk |
دوو
du:
dœ:
|
سێ
seə
se:
|
چوار
tʃʰʍʌr
tʃʰə:r
|
پێنج
pe:ntʃ
|
شهش
ʃeʃ
|
حهوت
haft
hawt |
ههشت
haʃt
hɛʃt
|
نۆ
no
neh
|
ده
dɛ
dɛh
|
|
|
Farsi
fas |
یک
jek |
دو
do |
سه
se |
چهار
tʃʰɑ˒r |
پنج
pantʃ |
شش
ʃiʃ |
هفت
haft |
هشت
haʃt |
نه
no |
ده
da |
|
|
Balochi
bal |
jak
|
⇧
do:
|
se: |
tʃʌr
|
panch
|
ʃaʃ, ʃəʃ
|
aft
|
hʌʃt |
no
|
dah
|
|
E
Iranian |
Pashto
pus |
jau |
⇧
dwa
duwá
|
dhre
|
tsalór
|
pinzə́
|
ʃpag
|
w:ə́ |
atə́
|
na |
las
|
|
|
Ossetian
oss |
иу, еу
jew |
дууæ,
дыууæ
duwɐ́
|
ӕртӕ
ɐrtɐ́
|
цыппор,
цыппар, цуппaр
tsəpːór |
фондз
fondz |
æхсæз
ɐxsɐz |
авд
ɑvd
|
аст
ɑʂt |
фараст
farast |
дæс
dɐs |
|
Indo-Aryan
inc |
Mittanian |
aikaP |
|
teraP
|
|
panza |
|
satta |
|
nāva |
|
|
|
Sanskrit
san |
एक
é:ka(s) |
dva: |
त्रि, tri
tráias |
चत्वारि
tʃatva:ri
tʃatva:ras
|
पञ्च
páɲtʃa |
षष्
ʃaʃ |
सप्त
saptá |
अष्ट
aʃtá |
नव
náva |
दश
dása
|
|
NW
|
Sindhi
snd |
hɪkə́ |
⇧
ɓə |
te |
tʃa:rə
|
pantʃə́
|
tʃɛh
|
saptə́ |
akˀtʰə́ |
navə́ |
dəhə́ |
|
NW
|
Punjabi
pan |
ɪk |
do |
tɪn
|
tʃar |
pantʃ |
tʃe |
sat
|
ath |
no: |
das |
|
C
|
Urdu-Hindi
urd, hin |
e:k |
do |
tin |
tʃar
|
pɑ̃ntʃ
pɑ̃:tʃ |
tʃe
tʃehe |
sɑ:t
|
aht, a:t
|
nɑũ
nou
|
das |
|
W |
Gujarati
guj |
ek |
me |
tra |
tʃar |
pã:tʃ |
tʃʰə |
sat
|
ʌt |
nʌu |
dʌs |
|
N
|
Nepali
nep |
ek |
duí |
tin |
tɕar |
pɑ̃ts |
tsʰʌ |
sat
|
a:t |
nou |
dʌs |
|
E
|
Bengali
ben |
ɛk |
dúi |
tin |
tʃar |
pɑ̃tʃ |
tsʰɔi |
sɑt |
ɑ:ʈ |
nɐʏ
|
dɔʂ |
|
S
|
Marathi
mar |
e:k
|
do:n |
tin |
tʃar |
pɑts
|
s:əhá |
sat
|
a˞:ʈ |
nou |
dahá |
|
Slavic
sla |
Old
Church Slavonic chu |
єдинъ (m.) єдино (n.) єдина
(f.) jed-inŭ |
дъва
(m.) дъвѣ (n.,f.) dŭva |
трьѥ
(m.)
три (n.,f.)
trĭje |
чєтъірє
(m.) чєтъіри
(n.,f.)
tʃetɨre |
пѧть
pẽtĭ |
шєсть
ʃestĭ |
сєдмь sedmĭ
|
осмь
osmĭ |
дєвѧть
devẽtĭ
|
дєсѧть
desẽtĭ
|
|
S
|
Bulgarian
bul |
едно
ednó |
две
dve |
три
tri |
четири
tʃétiri
|
пет
pet |
шест
ʃest |
седем sédem
|
осем
ɑ́sem
|
девет
de:vɘt
|
десет
déset
|
|
S
|
Slovenian
slv |
ena
e:na |
dva
dva |
tri
tri |
štiri
ʃti:rï |
pet
pet |
šest
ʃˠest |
sedem
se:dem
|
osem
o:sem
|
devet
devé:t
|
deset
desé:t
|
|
S
|
Serbo-Croatian
hbs |
један
jedan
jédɐn
|
две, два
dve, dva |
три
tri |
четири
četiri
tʃétiri |
пет
pet |
шест
šest
ʃest |
седам
sedam sédɐm
|
осам
osam
ó:sɐm |
девет
devet
dé:vet |
десет
deset
dé:set |
|
E
|
Russian
rus |
один
adin |
два
dva |
три
tri |
четыре
tʃjetirje |
пять
pjatʲ |
шесть
ʃjestʲ |
семь
sjemʲ |
восемь
vosjemʲ |
девять
djevjatʲ |
десять
djesjatʲ |
|
E
|
Ukrainian
ukr |
один
odɪn |
два
dva |
три
trɨ |
чотири
tʃotiri |
п'ять pʲjatʲ |
шість
ʃіstʲ |
сім
sіəm |
вісім
vіsіm |
дев'ять
devʲjetʲ |
десять
desʲetʲ |
|
E
|
Belarusian
bel |
адзін
adzіn |
два
dva |
тры
trɨ |
чатыры
tʃatɨrɨ |
пяць
pjatsʲ |
шэсць
ʃestsʲ
|
сем
sjem |
восем
vosjem |
дзевяць
dzjevɨtsʲ |
дзесяць
dzjesjitʲ |
|
W
|
Slovak
slk |
jeden |
dva |
tri |
štyri |
päť |
šesť |
sedem |
osem |
deväť |
desať |
|
W
|
Czech
cze |
jeden jeden |
dva
dəva |
tři
tr̥i |
čtyři
tʃtiri |
pět
pjet |
šest
ʃest |
sedm sedm̩
|
osm
osm̩ |
devět devjet |
deset
deset |
|
W
|
Polish
pol |
jeden |
dwa
dva |
trzy |
cztery |
pię́ć
|
sześć
|
siedem |
osiem |
dziewięć |
dziesięć |
|
Baltic
bal W |
Old
Prussian prg |
ains
|
dwai
|
tīrts
|
kettwirts
[ketvirts]? |
piēcts
|
uššai
|
*septīnjai
|
*astōnjai |
*newīnjai |
desīmtan |
|
E
|
Latvian
lvs |
viens |
divi |
trīs |
četri |
pieci |
seši |
septiņi |
astoņi |
deviņi |
desmit |
|
E |
Lithuanian
lit |
vienas |
du |
trys |
keturi |
penki |
šeši |
septyni |
aštuoni |
devyni |
dešimt |
|
Germanic
gem |
Proto-Germanic gem-pro |
*ainaz
ᴾ |
*twai |
*þriz |
*xʷedwo:rᴴ
> *fedwo:rᴴ |
*fiŋx >
*fimfᴾ |
*sexs |
*sebun |
*axtou |
*ne(w)un
|
*texun |
|
gem
E |
Gothic
got |
ains
|
twai
|
þreis
θreis
|
fidwo:r
|
fimf
ᴾ
|
saíhs
|
sibun,
sevene |
ahtau
|
niun
|
taíhun
|
|
W |
Rhineland Palatinate German
gem-DE-RP |
ɔ:n |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W
|
Old
English ang
See our "Sonic
Time Machine" for more details |
an
ɑ:n
ᴾ
|
twegen
twa, tu twa:
ᴾ
|
þrie, þreo
(n.)
θriə
ᴾ
θreə
ᴾ
|
feower
fjauər
ᴾ
|
fīf,
fīfe
fi:f ᴾ
fi:və
ᴾ
|
siex
siəks
ᴾ
|
seofon
séəvən ᴾ
|
æhta (Anglian)
eahta
(W. Saxon)
æxtə
ᴾ |
nigon
niɣən ᴾ
ni:ən
|
tene,
tien
te:nə ᴾ
tiʝən
ᴾ
|
|
W |
Middle
English enm |
ane,
on(e), oon(e)
o:n
ᴾ |
twey(n)
twa, tuo, two |
þri, þre(e)
|
fowre,
four(e)
|
fyve
|
sex,
six
|
seven(e)
|
eyȝt(e)
eɪçt(ə)ᴾ
|
nyne
|
ten(e)
te:nə ᴾ
|
|
W |
Scots
sco |
an
ɑ:n |
twa
twɑ:
|
⇧
thrie
θri: |
fouwer
fɐʊəɹ
|
five fɑiv
|
sex
seks
|
siven sɪvən
|
eicht
eiçtᴾ
ext
i:xt
axt |
nine
|
ten
|
|
W |
English
eng |
one
won,
wən
⇧ wʌn
|
twain,
twein two
⇧ tu:
|
three
θɹi:
|
four
⇧
fɔ(ɹ)
|
five
⇧
fɑiv
|
six
sɪks
|
seven
sɛvən
|
eight
⇧
eit
|
nine
⇧
nɑin
|
ten
tɛn
|
|
W |
West
Frisian fry |
i:ən
|
tʋa:
|
θreə |
fjauər
|
fi:f
|
sɒis
|
sɔ̃ə̃n
|
axt
|
njoɣən
|
tsi:ən |
|
W |
East
Frisian frs |
ɑin
|
tʋe:
|
dʁe:
|
fɑiə |
fi:və |
zesə
|
zø:bm̩
|
axtə |
ne:gn̩
|
ti:nə |
|
W |
North
Frisian frr |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W
|
Dutch
nld |
een
e:n
|
twee
tʋe:
|
drie
dri:
|
vier
fiə |
vijf
fɑif
|
zes
zes
|
zeven
sevə |
acht
axt
|
negen
neχə
|
tien
tiŋ
|
|
W
|
Low
Saxon nds-DE-NI |
an
a:n
e:n |
tʋe:
|
dre: |
feiə |
fi:f |
zes
|
zɛ:m |
achte
æxtə
|
nigon
neŋ |
tene
tainə |
|
W
|
Swabian
swg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W |
East
Franconian
nds-DE-BY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W
|
Bavarian
bar |
oans
uis
|
tsfo
|
driu
|
fyre
|
fimfe
|
sikse
|
sime
|
ochte
|
naine
|
tsin
|
|
W
|
High
German deu |
eins
ains
|
zwei
tsfai
|
drei
dʁai
|
vier
fier
|
fünf
fynf
|
sechs
zexs
|
sieben
zi:bn
|
acht
axt
|
neun
noin
|
zehn
tse:n
|
|
W
|
Old
High German goh |
ein
ein
|
zwene
tsve:ne
|
dri
dri:
|
fior
|
fimf
fimf
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N
|
Old
Norse non |
einn
ein |
tveir
tveir
|
þrír
θri:r
|
fjórir
|
fimm
fim |
sex
|
sjau
|
átta
|
níu
|
tíu
|
|
N |
Elfdalian
qer |
iett
iət
|
två
twɔ |
tri
tri
|
fyra
fyrʌ
|
fem
fem
|
sjäks
ɕjæks
|
sju
ɕjy
|
åtta
ɔtta
|
|
|
|
N
|
Icelandic
isl |
einn
en |
tveir
tfɨr
|
þrír
θriu:
|
fjórir
fjøwør |
fimm
fim |
sex
sæks
|
sjö
sjø |
átta
auhta
|
níu
ni:ø |
tíu
ti:ø
|
|
N
|
Faroese
fao |
ein
ain
|
tveir
tfei |
trý
truj
|
fýra
fujra |
fimm
fim
|
seks
seks
|
sjey
ʃjɘi
|
átta
ohta
|
níggju
nɨɟ:u |
tíggju
tɨɟ:u
|
|
N
|
Swedish
swe |
en
en |
två
tfou, two |
tre
tre
|
fyra
fɨjra |
fem
fem |
sex
seks |
sju
çɸø |
åtta
otta
|
nio
niɉə |
tio
tiɉə
|
|
N
|
Norwegian
nor |
en
|
to
|
tre
|
fire
|
fem
|
seks
|
sju,
syv, sjau
|
åtte,
åtta |
ni,
nio
|
ti,
tio
|
|
N
|
Danish
dan |
en
|
to
|
tre
triɐ |
fire
|
fem
|
seks
|
syv
|
otte
|
ni
|
ti
|
|
Italic |
Proto-Italic
|
*oinos
ᴾ |
*duou
|
*treis
|
*kwetworᴴ
|
*kwenkwe
|
*seks
|
*septem
|
*okto
|
*newem
|
*dekem
|
|
|
Oscan
osc |
uinus
|
dus
|
trís
|
petora,
pettiur
|
pompe
|
*sehs
|
*seften
|
*uhto
|
*nuwen
|
*deken
|
|
|
Umbrian
xum |
uns
|
dur
|
trif
|
petur-
|
*pumpe
|
sehs
|
|
|
*nuwin
|
*desem
|
|
roa |
Old Latin qbb |
oenos
óinos ᴾ |
duo
dúo
ᴾ |
tres
tre:s |
quatuor,
quatbor
|
quenque
|
sex
seks |
septem
septem |
octo
okto: |
neuen
newen |
decem
dekem |
|
roa
|
Latin
lat |
unus
u:nus |
⇧
duo
dúo
ᴾ |
tres
tre:s |
quattuor
kwatwor
ᴴ |
quinque
kwiŋkweᴾ |
sex
seks |
septem
septem |
octo
okto: |
novem
nowem |
decem
dekem |
|
Romance
W |
Italian
ita |
uno
u:no
|
due
due
|
tre
trɛ
|
quattro
kwat:ro
|
cinque
tʃiŋkwe
|
sei
sei
|
sette
set:e
|
otto
ot:o
|
nove
nove
|
dieci
djetʃi |
|
W
|
Sardinian sar
|
unu
u:nu
|
dusu
du:zu
|
tresi
trezi
|
battoro
bat:eru
|
chimbe
kimbe
|
sesi
sezi
|
sette
set:i |
otto
ot:u |
noe
nɔi |
deghe
deʒi
|
|
W
|
American
Spanish spa |
uno
uno
|
dos
dos
|
tres
tres
|
cuatro
kwatro
|
cinco
siŋko
|
seis
seis
|
siete
sjete
|
ocho
otʃo
|
nueve
nweve
|
diez
djes
|
|
W
|
Castillian
Spanish spa-ES |
uno
uno
|
dos
dos
|
tres
tres
|
cuatro
kwatro
|
cinco
θiŋko
|
seis
seis
|
siete
sjete
|
ocho
otʃo
|
nueve
nweve
|
diez
djeθ |
|
W
|
Brazilian
Portuguese
por-BR |
um
ʊŋ, ʊ̃ |
dois
dois
|
três
treis
|
quatro
kwatrʊ̥
|
cinco
siŋkʊ̥ |
seis
seis |
sete
set
|
oito
oitʊ̥ |
nove
nov
|
dez
deiz
|
|
W
|
Lusitanian
Portuguese
por-PT |
um
ʊŋ, ʊ̃ |
dois
doiʃ |
três
treiʃ |
quatro
kwatrʊ̥
|
cinco
siŋkʊ̥ |
seis
seiʃ |
sete
setʃi̥ |
oito
oitʊ̥ |
nove
nov
|
dez
deiz
|
|
W
|
Catalan
cat
|
un
un
|
dos
dos
|
tres
tɾes
|
quatre
kwatro
|
cinc
siŋ
|
sis
sis
|
set
set
|
vuit, huit
vuit
|
nou
nɐu
|
deu
deu
|
|
W
|
Occitan
oci
|
un
yn
|
dos, doas dus, dos
|
tres
tris
|
quatre
qɑtri
|
cinc
siŋk
|
siès
sieis
|
sèt
set
|
uèch
vɥetʃ |
|
|
|
W
|
French fre
|
un,
une
œ̃, yn |
deux
dø
|
trois
tʁwa
|
quatre
katʁ |
cinq
sɛ̃k
|
six
sis
|
sept
set
|
huit
ɥit
|
neuf
nœf
|
dix
dis
|
|
Romance
E |
Romanian
ron |
unu
unũ |
doi,
doua
doi, douɐ
|
trei
trei
|
patru
pʰatru
|
cinci
tʃintʃ |
şase
ʃase
|
şapte
ʃapte
|
opt
optʰ
|
nouă
nowɐ |
zece
zetʃe
|
|
Celtic
cel |
Proto-Celtic |
*oinos
|
*dwohu
|
*treis
|
*kwetwar
|
*kwenkwe
|
*sweks
|
*sektn̩
|
*okto
|
*nauin
|
*dekn̩
|
|
Brythonic |
Welsh
cym |
un
i:n |
dau dai
|
tri tʰɹi:
|
pedwar pʰedwar
|
⇧
pimp pɪmp
|
chwech
xwe:x |
saith saiθ
|
wyth uiθ
|
naw naʊ
|
deg de:g
|
|
|
Breton
bre |
unan
y:nɒn
|
daou
daʊ |
tri
tri:
|
pevar
pede˔r, pe:ðɐ
|
pemp
pe˔mp
|
c'hwec'h
xwex
|
seizh
sɛiz
|
eizh
ɛiz
|
nav
naʊ |
dek
de˔k
|
|
Goidelic |
Old
Irish sga |
oen,
oín
|
dá
|
trí
|
cethair
|
cóic
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Irish
Gaelic gle |
aon
ɛən
|
dó
do:
|
trí
tʰɹi:
|
ceathair
kʰa(h)əɹ |
cuig
kʰwi:g |
sé
ʃe: |
seacht
ʃjaxt
|
ocht
oxt
|
naoi
nˠi:
|
deich
ʤexʲ
|
|
|
Manx
glv |
nane
nɛ:n
|
jees
ʤi:s
|
tree
tʰɹi:
|
kiare
kʲɛ:ə
|
queig
kʰwɛg
|
shey
ʃei
|
shiaght
ʃjax
|
hoght
hoxt
|
nuy
nˠi:
|
jeih
ʤɑi
|
|
|
Scots
Gaelic gla |
aon
ən
|
dà,
dá, dha ɣɑ
|
trì
tʰɹi:
|
ceithir
kʰehiɾ |
còig
ko:ik
|
sia
ʃia
|
seachd
ʃjaxk
|
ochd
oxk
|
naoi
nɨ:i
|
deich
ʤeiçʲ
|
@ancientsounds@mastodonapp.uk |
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John Coleman was supported by a
Science in Culture Innovation Award from the 
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John
Aston was supported by a Fellowship from the |
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